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Workplace Exposure to Hazardous Substances and Chemicals
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Introduction
•
Occupational health and safety are an extremely important issue in today's workplaces; it serves to safeguard employees from possible dangers while also promoting their general well-being. Exposure to hazardous substances and chemicals in the workplace is one example of a substantial hazard that, in the absence of proper risk management, presents considerable dangers to employees' health. In this presentation, the scientific and compliance sides of this topic are investigated in depth. Topics covered include the sectors and professions that are at risk, possible health impacts, regulatory requirements, mitigation techniques, and effective approaches for disseminating safe work practices.
Relevant Industries and Professions in Relation to the Problem
•
The risk of being exposed to dangerous substances and chemicals while working is a widespread issue that affects a diverse variety of professions and fields of endeavor. Manufacturing, construction, agriculture, healthcare, mining, and laboratory research are some of the industries that are being impacted the most. It is possible for workers in these occupations to come into contact with a wide variety of potentially harmful substances, including asbestos, lead, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, and a wide variety of toxic compounds (Mathias et al., 2017).
Reference
•
Mathias, P. I., MacKenzie, B. A., Toennis, C. A., & Connor, T. H. (2017). Survey of guidelines and current practices for safe handling of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs used in 24 countries. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice
, 25
(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155217726160
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Regulatory Requirements Associated with the Problem
•
Comprehensive laws and recommendations have been developed by national governments and international organizations in order to safeguard employees from the adverse effects of exposure to hazardous substances. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is responsible for establishing and enforcing standards in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Act in the United States (Bernabeu-Martínez et al., 2018). Regulations concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and Classification, Labeling, and Packaging (CLP) play an essential part in the administration of chemical safety within the European Union (Tupper & Smith, 2022). In accordance with these laws, permissible exposure limits (PELs), standards for hazard communication, and procedures for the safe handling of hazardous compounds are outlined.
References
•
Bernabeu-Martínez, M. A., Ramos Merino, M., Santos Gago, J. M., Álvarez Sabucedo, L. M., Wanden-Berghe, C., & Sanz-Valero, J. (2018). Guidelines for safe handling of hazardous drugs: A systematic review. PLOS ONE
, 13
(5), e0197172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197172
•
Tupper, C., & Smith, C. J. (2022). OSHA Chemical Hazards And Communication
. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580552/
Definition of Hazardous Substances and Chemicals
•
When they are not handled in an appropriate manner, substances and chemicals that are considered to be hazardous may put the health of humans and the environment at risk. These compounds may have physical, chemical, or biological qualities that, when brought into direct or indirect contact with one another, may result in harmful effects (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022). Hazardous substances and chemicals in the workplace may be the consequence of a variety of operations, including production, cleaning, and maintenance, in the context of occupational health and safety.
•
Classification systems, such as the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), which offers established criteria for classifying possible dangers and transmitting this information, are usually referred to by companies in order to detect potentially hazardous compounds and chemicals (J. et al., 2019). The development of adequate safety measures and compliance standards requires a fundamental References
•
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
•
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-022-
03530-1
Types of Hazardous Substances Commonly Found in Workplaces
There is a vast variety of potentially harmful compounds and chemicals that may be found in workplaces. The following are some examples of frequent types:
Biological Agents •
Biological agents include viruses, bacteria, fungus, and other microorganisms that are capable of causing infections or allergic responses (J. et al., 2019). Biological agents may be found in the healthcare industry as well as the agriculture industry.
Chemical Agents:
•
Chemical Agents are comprised of hazardous substances such as corrosive, flammable, reactive, and poisonous compounds that are used in manufacturing, cleaning, and laboratory environments (Thompson, 2016).
Physical Agents: •
These chemicals entail noise, vibration, radiation, and temperature extremes, all of which may contribute to a variety of health problems, including hearing loss, heat stress, and skin illnesses.
References
•
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
•
Thompson, C. A. (2016). New OSHA document reviews hazardous-drug safety for employees. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
, 73
(16), 1204–1205. https://doi.org/10.2146/news160050
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Ergonomic Hazards:
•
Although ergonomic hazards do not include chemicals in and of themselves, they can involve poor workplace design and practices that may lead to musculoskeletal problems and injuries caused by repeated strain (Bernabeu-Martínez et al., 2018).
Psychosocial Hazards:
•
Hazards connected with psychosocial factors include work-related stress, aggression, and bullying, all of which have the potential to have a negative impact on an individual's mental health (Mathias et al., 2017).
Routes of Exposure
•
Multiple entry points exist by which potentially harmful drugs and chemicals may make their way into the human body:
References
Bernabeu-Martínez, M. A., Ramos Merino, M., Santos Gago, J. M., Álvarez Sabucedo, L. M., Wanden-Berghe, C., & Sanz-
Valero, J. (2018). Guidelines for safe handling of hazardous drugs: A systematic review. PLOS ONE
, 13
(5), e0197172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197172
Mathias, P. I., MacKenzie, B. A., Toennis, C. A., & Connor, T. H. (2017). Survey of guidelines and current practices for safe handling of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs used in 24 countries. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice
, 25
(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155217726160
Types of Hazardous Substances Commonly Found in Workplaces Continuation
Inhalation: •
Inhalation is one of the most prevalent routes of exposure in workplaces where airborne contaminants may be breathed into the respiratory system. Inhalation is one of the most common forms of occupational exposure. Particularly vulnerable are workers in areas such as building, painting, and the manufacture of chemicals (Bernabeu-Martínez et al., 2018).
Dermal touch: •
Absorption into the body may occur after coming into direct touch with potentially harmful chemicals via the skin. Dermal exposure occurs most often in professions that involve the handling or production of chemicals (Tupper & Smith, 2022).
Accidental ingestion:
Accidental ingestion of hazardous compounds may happen, most often when employees do not exercise adequate hygiene, such as eating or drinking in polluted work locations. Ingestion of hazardous substances can also happen on purpose (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022).
References
Bernabeu-Martínez, M. A., Ramos Merino, M., Santos Gago, J. M., Álvarez Sabucedo, L. M., Wanden-Berghe, C., & Sanz-
Valero, J. (2018). Guidelines for safe handling of hazardous drugs: A systematic review. PLOS ONE
, 13
(5), e0197172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197172
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-022-03530-1
Tupper, C., & Smith, C. J. (2022). OSHA Chemical Hazards And Communication
. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580552/
Types of Hazardous Substances Commonly Found in Workplaces Continuation
The Immediate and Prolonged Effects of Exposure on the Human Body
Depending on the nature of the hazardous substance and the length of time that it was exposed to, there are a variety of short-term and long-term health impacts that may be the result of hazardous substance and chemical exposure.
Effects on Health in the Short Term
•
Irritation of the Respiratory system: Inhaling dust or chemical fumes may cause acute irritation of the respiratory system, which can result in coughing, wheezing, and trouble breathing.
•
Irritation of the Skin and Allergic Reactions: Dermal contact with certain compounds may lead to irritation of the skin, rashes, and allergic reactions (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022).
•
Acute Toxicity
: Being exposed to substances that are very hazardous may result in acute poisoning, which can produce symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and even loss of consciousness.
•
Irritation of the Eyes Coming into contact with irritating chemicals may lead to redness, burning, and even permanent damage to the eyes (J. et al., 2019).
References
•
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
•
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-022-03530-1
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Long-term health effects:
•
Chronic respiratory : Chronic respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, or pulmonary fibrosis Prolonged exposure to airborne hazardous compounds may result in chronic respiratory disorders such as these if the exposure is long enough.
•
Effects That Can Cause Cancer Some dangerous substances, such as asbestos and certain chemicals, have been linked to an increased chance of acquiring cancer over the course of time (J. et al., 2019).
•
Problems with Reproduction and Development:
Pregnant employees who are exposed to particular chemicals may have complications with their reproductive health and the development of their unborn children.
•
Neurological diseases:
Prolonged contact with some neurotoxic compounds has the potential to cause neurological diseases, which may have a negative impact on a person's memory, cognitive abilities, and motor skills (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022).
References
•
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
•
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-
022-03530-1
The Importance of Compliance in Occupational Health and Safety
•
It is of the utmost importance to strictly comply with safety standards and guidelines in order to properly safeguard employees from exposure to potentially dangerous substances and chemicals. Employers are obligated to comply with legal obligations, which may include communicating potential dangers, supplying proper personal protective equipment (PPE), completing risk assessments, and putting in place engineering controls (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022). In addition, teaching workers about the dangers connected with hazardous chemicals as well as the correct methods for handling and storing them is essential to cutting down on the number of occurrences involving exposure to them. Compliance not only protects the health of employees but also helps to create a culture that prioritizes safety, productivity, and responsible corporate citizenship.
Reference
•
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-
022-03530-1
Strategies to Reduce the Risks Associated with Related Dangers
It is vital to implement effective mitigation methods in order to reduce employee exposure to hazardous substances and chemicals in the workplace. Among the most important methods are:
Substitution
•
The process of exchanging potentially harmful compounds with ones that are less dangerous, hence lowering the chance of being exposed to them. For example, using paints that are water-based rather than ones that are solvent-based (J. et al., 2019).
Engineering Controls:
•
Implementing technical solutions to physically separate personnel from potentially harmful chemicals is an example of an engineering control (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022). This might entail the use of air systems, enclosed workstations, or automated procedures to lessen the amount of direct touch.
References
•
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
•
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-022-03530-1
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Strategies to Reduce the Risks Associated with Related Dangers (Continuation)
Administrative Controls:
•
Administrative controls include the creation of rules, processes, and training programs with the goal of lowering exposure risks. This involves creating limited access zones and adopting rotation plans to reduce the amount of time an individual is exposed to a hazardous substance (Mathias et al., 2017).
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
•
(PPE) refers to the provision of adequate PPE to safeguard employees when other control measures are deemed insufficient. Examples of PPE include respirators, gloves, goggles, and protective clothes.
Monitoring in the Workplace
•
Monitoring the workplace on a regular basis in order to determine the levels of exposure and maintain compliance with safety regulations. Because of this, possible dangers may be identified in a timely manner, allowing for the modification of control mechanisms (Mathias et al., 2017).
Reference
•
Mathias, P. I., MacKenzie, B. A., Toennis, C. A., & Connor, T. H. (2017). Survey of guidelines and current practices for safe handling of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs used in 24 countries. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice
, 25
(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155217726160
Strategies to Reduce the Risks Associated with Related Dangers (Continuation)
Training and Education
•
Educating personnel about the dangers connected with hazardous chemicals as well as the correct ways for handling and disposing of hazardous materials. Employees who are better educated about safety procedures are more likely to follow such procedures (J. et al., 2019).
Strategies for Disseminating Risk-Free Methods of Employment
•
It is essential to communicate safe work practices in a way that is both clear and effective in order to guarantee that employees comprehend the dangers and take the appropriate safeguards (Bernabeu-Martínez et al., 2018). The following is a list of some of the strategies that may be used to communicate safe work practices about exposure in the workplace to hazardous substances and chemicals.
Written Material
•
Providing clear and concise written instructions, such as safety manuals, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), which outline the qualities and handling of hazardous chemicals (J. et al., 2019). Examples of these are Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
References
Bernabeu-Martínez, M. A., Ramos Merino, M., Santos Gago, J. M., Álvarez Sabucedo, L. M., Wanden-Berghe, C., & Sanz-
Valero, J. (2018). Guidelines for safe handling of hazardous drugs: A systematic review. PLOS ONE
, 13
(5), e0197172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197172
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
Conducting frequent Training Sessions
•
Conducting frequent training sessions in order to educate staff about the dangers, safe handling methods, and emergency procedures. Training that involves hands-on work may improve both learning and retention.
Labels and signs
•
Putting up warning labels and signs to point out potentially dangerous regions and chemicals, as well as to remind personnel of the correct procedures and how to properly use their personal protective equipment (PPE) (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022).
Visual Aids
•
The use of visual aids like as posters, infographics, and movies to highlight safe work practices and possible dangers in the workplace. The use of visual elements may improve both engagement and understanding.
•
Communication in several languages In workplaces where workers come from a variety of linguistic backgrounds, making sure that all safety information is provided in languages that are relevant to those employees and reaching them successfully requires multilingual communication (J. et al., 2019).
Strategies to Reduce the Risks Associated with Related Dangers (Continuation)
References
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/
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Emerging Trends and Technologies
A. Creative approaches to reducing the risk of exposure in the workplace:
Telecommuting
•
A growing number of businesses are instituting remote work practices that enable workers to do their jobs from the comfort of their own homes or from other off-site locations. Because of this, there is less of a need for workers to congregate in congested workplaces, which in turn lessens the chance of being exposed to infectious diseases (Bernabeu-
Martínez et al., 2018).
•
Robots and Automation:
The use of robots and automation in many sectors helps to limit the amount of times that people have to risk their lives by intervening in potentially dangerous situations. Employees may be kept safe by using robots to do duties that normally need them to be in potentially hazardous or high-risk regions (Thompson, 2016).
Monitoring Systems for Air Quality
•
The latest generation of air quality monitoring systems may assist in the detection of potentially hazardous compounds or diseases in the workplace. These systems may either send out warnings or carry out preventative actions in order to keep the working environment risk-free (Thompson, 2016).
References
Bernabeu-Martínez, M. A., Ramos Merino, M., Santos Gago, J. M., Álvarez Sabucedo, L. M., Wanden-Berghe, C., & Sanz-
Valero, J. (2018). Guidelines for safe handling of hazardous drugs: A systematic review. PLOS ONE
, 13
(5), e0197172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197172
Thompson, C. A. (2016). New OSHA document reviews hazardous-drug safety for employees. American Journal of Health-
System Pharmacy
, 73
(16), 1204–1205. https://doi.org/10.2146/news160050
In recent years, there has been substantial advancement made in the research and development of monitoring and surveillance technology. These innovations have applications in a wide range of industries and have been shown to significantly contribute to improvements in terms of efficiency, safety, and decision-making procedures. Some important advances include:
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled Video Analytics:
•
Events, objects, or abnormalities in surveillance film may be automatically detected and analyzed using video analytics driven by artificial intelligence (AI) Thompson (2016). This device improves safety and security by sending quick notifications in the event that potentially hazardous situations or suspicious behaviors are detected.
Monitoring and Inspection Drones •
Drones that are outfitted with cameras and sensors may be used for the airborne monitoring and inspection of vast areas, such as building sites, agricultural fields, or regions that have been affected by a natural catastrophe (Pipke & Wilmes, 2022).
Emerging Trends and Technologies
B. Developments in technology that are used for monitoring and surveillance:
References
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-
022-03530-1
Thompson, C. A. (2016). New OSHA document reviews hazardous-drug safety for employees. American Journal of Health-
System Pharmacy
, 73
(16), 1204–1205. https://doi.org/10.2146/news160050
Sensors for the Internet of Things (IoT):
•
IoT sensors make it possible to gather data in real time from a wide variety of devices and assets. This enables continuous monitoring of apparatus, infrastructural components, and environmental conditions.
Biometric Surveillance
•
As biometric technologies such as face recognition and fingerprint scanning have improved to the point that they can now provide identity and access control systems that are more precise and secure, biometric surveillance has become more popular (J. et al., 2019).
Environmental Monitoring Systems
•
Highly developed environmental monitoring systems are able to monitor the quality of the air and water, as well as the weather conditions and other critical aspects, in real time (Mathias et al., 2017). This enables businesses to remain in compliance with regulations and to have a smaller influence on the environment.
Developments in technology that are used for monitoring and surveillance: (Continuation)
References
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
Mathias, P. I., MacKenzie, B. A., Toennis, C. A., & Connor, T. H. (2017). Survey of guidelines and current practices for safe handling of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs used in 24 countries. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice
, 25
(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155217726160
Your preview ends here
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Emerging Trends and Technologies
C. Incorporating data analytics in order to achieve ongoing improvement:
The use of data analytics has become more important for companies and organizations that want to enhance their operations, make better choices, and foster a culture of continuous growth. The incorporation of data analytics into operational processes may result in the following benefits:
Performance Optimization
•
Businesses are able to detect inefficiencies and bottlenecks in their operations by evaluating their operational data. This gives them the ability to simplify their processes and optimize their resource allocation in order to boost their productivity (Tupper & Smith, 2022).
Predictive Maintenance
•
Data analytics may be used to forecast when equipment will fail or when it will require maintenance. This paves the way for proactive maintenance, which minimizes the amount of time the equipment is offline and reduces the amount of money spent on repairs (Tupper & Smith, 2022).
Customer Insights
•
Insights into the Customer's Preferences, Needs, and Pain Points: Businesses may acquire important insights into the customer's preferences, needs, and pain points by studying customer data and behavior (Tupper & Smith, 2022). customers.
Reference
Tupper, C., & Smith, C. J. (2022). OSHA Chemical Hazards And Communication
. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580552/
Discussion
•
Exposure to potentially harmful substances and chemicals in the workplace is a significant risk to occupational health and safety that requires careful attention by employers, employees, and regulatory organizations. For efficient hazard management, it is essential to have a solid understanding of the industries and vocations that are involved, as well as the possible health impacts, regulatory requirements, and mitigation techniques.
•
It is essential, in order to protect the health and well-being of employees, to behave in accordance with the rules that are now in place and to put best practices into action. Employers are able to dramatically minimize exposure hazards by replacing hazardous chemicals, implementing engineering controls, and providing proper personal protective equipment (PPE). In addition, empowering employees to take an active part in the protection of themselves and their coworkers by cultivating a culture of safety via thorough training and communication tactics gives them the ability to do so.
Conclusion
•
In conclusion, the exposure of workers in the workplace to potentially harmful substances and chemicals necessitates a concerted effort to provide safer working conditions. Not only does adhering to scientifically supported strategies and legal standards assure compliance, but it also ensures the maintenance of employees' health, their level of productivity, and their general quality of life. We can work toward a future that is safer and healthier for all employees if we remain vigilant and commit ourselves to always improving our processes.
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References
Bernabeu-Martínez, M. A., Ramos Merino, M., Santos Gago, J. M., Álvarez Sabucedo, L. M., Wanden-Berghe, C., & Sanz-Valero, J. (2018). Guidelines for safe handling of hazardous drugs: A systematic review. PLOS ONE
, 13
(5), e0197172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197172
J., L., Thomas, Melissa, S., Pranav, R., J., G., Stephen, T., M., Lauralynn, & Christine, W. (2019, July 1). Technical report: the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process for chemical risk management.
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/79841
Mathias, P. I., MacKenzie, B. A., Toennis, C. A., & Connor, T. H. (2017). Survey of guidelines and current practices for safe handling of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs used in 24 countries. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice
, 25
(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155217726160
Pipke, R., & Wilmes, A. (2022). Risikokommunikation zum Schutz vor Gefahrstoffen am Arbeitsplatz. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
, 65
(5), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-022-03530-1
Thompson, C. A. (2016). New OSHA document reviews hazardous-drug safety for employees. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
, 73
(16), 1204–1205. https://doi.org/10.2146/news160050
Tupper, C., & Smith, C. J. (2022). OSHA Chemical Hazards And Communication
. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580552/
Your preview ends here
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-6-
O True
O Fals
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