HEA 201 Midterm
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Feb 20, 2024
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HEA 201 Health Systems and Perspectives
Midterm Exam
Directions: Carefully read and respond to each question. Please complete your responses using complete sentences. Your responses will be evaluated on the basis of content accuracy, clarity, correct usage of the English language, and demonstrated evidence of critical analysis. Each question is valued at 5 points. Total Possible Points = 75
1.
What is the paradox of the U.S. healthcare system? In your opinion, what factors explain
why this paradox exists? The paradox of the U.S healthcare system is that people pay higher amounts and receive less services. People pay more for healthcare, but they receive lack of care. The main factor for this situation is simple the more money someone has the good health people obtain; less money people have poor health, wealth equals to health. It is incredible how government forces people to get healthcare services as mandatory, but yet at the time of need they do not receive good care and service. 2. How would you describe the “culture of healthcare” in the U.S.? Do you agree that a country’s culture determines its healthcare model? Explain your opinion.
The modern concept of culture expects the culture of healthcare settings like hospitals and medical centers to be According to the modern concept of culture as plural, partial, and relative, we would expect all these cultural elements, and others, to coexist in a hospital or medical center. In opinion, religion, culture, beliefs, and ethnic customs can influence how patients understand health concepts, how they take care of their health, and how they make decisions related to their health. Without proper training, clinicians may deliver medical advice
without understanding how health beliefs and cultural practices influence the way that advice is received. 3.What are the main demographic factors that define the delivery of healthcare in the United States? How do these factors a
ect the quality of healthcare people receive?
ff
Changes in population size, age, race and ethnicity affect the health-care resources needed, the cost of care provided, and even the conditions associated with each population group. Health-care organizations will have to adapt quickly to meet their patients’ changing needs all while addressing health-reform requirements.
4. Why do you think the AMA changed its position regarding the Patient Protection and A
ordable Care Act after almost a century of opposing government interference in healthcare? ff
Did this change of position help the passage of the bill?
The Affordable Care Act is a watershed in U.S. public health policy. Through a series of extensions of, and revisions to, the multiple laws that together comprise the federal legal framework for the U.S. health-care system, the Act establishes the basic legal protections that until now have been absent: a near-universal guarantee of access to affordable health insurance coverage, from birth through retirement. When fully implemented, the Act will cut the number of
uninsured Americans by more than half. The law will result in health insurance coverage for about 94% of the American population, reducing the uninsured by 31 million people, and increasing Medicaid enrollment by 15 million beneficiaries. Approximately 24 million people are expected to remain without coverage.
5. What was the nature of medical authority during the post-World War II years? How important is science to this authority?
Between the years 1750 and 2000, healthcare in the United States evolved from a simple system of home remedies and itinerant doctors with little training to a complex, scientific, technological, and bureaucratic system often called the "medical industrial complex." The complex is built on medical science and technology and the authority of medical professionals. The evolution of this complex includes the acceptance of the "germ theory" as the cause of disease, professionalization of doctors, technological advancements in treating disease, the rise of great institutions of medical training and healing, and the advent of medical insurance. Governmental institutions, controls, health care programs, drug regulations, and medical insurance also evolved during this period. Most recently, the healthcare system has seen the growth of corporations whose business is making a profit from healthcare.
6. How has the large uninsured population in the United States a
ected the way the healthcare ff
system is financed and reimbursed?
Estimates of expenditures for health care services used by uninsured Americans, both the out-of-pocket spending of those without insurance and the value of the health care services they use that are uncompensated or donated. Persons without health insurance, on average, spend less for health care out of pocket than do those with health insurance because they use fewer and less costly services. Uninsured families pay for a higher proportion
of their total health care costs out of pocket than do insured families, however, and are more likely to have high medical expenses relative to income.
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7. Describe the differences between an allopathic physician (MD) and a holistic physician (DO).
The main differences between MD and DO are Medical students attending osteopathic schools (DOs) must take an additional 200 hours of training learning manipulation techniques of the musckeloskeltial system. DO physicians tend to be primary care physicians, whereas U.S.M.D.’s tends to specialize in more specific types of medicine (Dermatology, Cardiology, Orthopedics, etc.) In the United States, 67.4% of active physicians are M.D.s vs. 7.3% which are D.O.s (The remaining 24.2% received their degree from a medical school outside of the United States.) DO students take the Comprehensive Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX). MD medical students take the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE). And last, MD.’s tends to practice medicine in urban, metropolitan areas. D.O.’s is most prevalent in rural areas.
8. If you were a physician, which reimbursement model would you prefer? Explain the pros and cons of the various models.
If I were a physician I would choose fee for service. Fee-For-service: : This payment model is reimbursement for specific, individual services provided to a patient, as each specific service (or procedure or intervention or piece of equipment) provided is billed and paid for. Some pros are encouraging the delivery of care and maximizing patient visits, supports accountability for patient care, but it is often limited to the scope of the service a physician provides at any point in time. On the other hand, some cons are Offers little or no incentive to deliver efficient care or prevent unnecessary care, Limited to face-to-face visits and acts as a barrier to care coordination and management of conditions via other means.
9. What do health policy analysts predict reimbursement models will look like in the future? Do you agree? Why or why not?
Health policy analytics hold power to look experience with Patient to provide best treatment for current Patient, particularly policy makers improve their experiment and initiatives to transition from the traditional fee- for- service. I think to control their destiny hospitals could increasingly look to acquire post-acute care, home health and nursing facilities. The profitability of a service line may not be as big of an issue if a hospital is motivated by CMS regulations. The reality is that healthcare providers are moving to a consumer-oriented approach for care.
10. Considering some of the change’s medical practitioners face in the future, what factors might
discourage someone from pursuing a career as a medical worker? Conversely, what factors might
influence an individual to pursue one?
The dwindling interest in surgery and surgical specialties raises the fears that the surgical man-power requirements of the society may not be met adequately in coming years. There is a need to explore ways of stimulating interest in surgery to forestall this. Gender, marital status, having surgeons as role models, staff advisers or first-degree relatives in medical school are significant factors influencing the choice of a career in surgery.
11. How do current occupational trends in healthcare reflect shifts in healthcare policy, treatment, and patients’ expectations regarding their health?
As calls are made for a more patient-centered health care system, it becomes critical to define and measure patient perceptions of health care quality and to understand more fully what drives those perceptions. Healthcare centers propose a conceptual model to help unravel these knotty issues; review qualitative studies that report directly from patients on how they define quality; provide an overview of how health plans, hospitals, physicians, and health care in general are currently viewed by patients; assess whether and how patient health status and demographic characteristics relate to perceptions of health care quality; and identify where further, or more appropriately designed, research is needed.
12. In what ways does the modern hospital function as a service? How does it function as a business? Digital marketing in healthcare is more than just a passing fad it’s a fundamental shift in the way that hospital marketing departments reach and communicate with patients. While traditional marketing approaches still have their place in an integrated, multichannel marketing strategy, hospital marketers, now more than ever, need to be able to deliver personalized, relevant patient messaging to the right patient at the right time on the right channel. Doing so, however, requires the traditional hospital marketing department to transform their approach and, correspondingly, their organization to adapt to rising consumer and patient care expectations.
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13. Why do you think so many people rely on safety-net facilities, such as walk-up clinics, as their primary medical provider, even with access to a
ordable alternatives? ff
I believe people prefer to understand how proximity to safety net clinics and hospitals affects a variety of measures of access to care and service use by uninsured persons. If the services are available to walk in distance the patient will feel safer going to the facility to receive
care. 14. What do you think prompted the shift in treatment of mental illness from institutionalization to medication? Do you agree or disagree that this has been a largely positive change? Why?
It described the process of closure or downsizing of large psychiatric hospitals and the establishment of alternative services in the community. Yet, there is a lack of clarity on what exactly the concept of institutionalization means in present-day psychiatry. This review aims to identify the meaning of psychiatric institutionalization since the early 1960s to present-day. I do agree with the concept of institutionalization in psychiatry reflects four distinct themes. All themes have some relevance for the contemporary debate on how psychiatric care should develop and on the role of institutional care in psychiatry.
15.Given the number of older Americans who su
er from mental illness, why do the elderly not ff
have access to adequate mental healthcare? What might be some of the reasons for this lack of mental health services for the elderly?
The mental health of older adults can be improved through promoting Active and Healthy
Ageing. Mental health-specific health promotion for older adults involves creating living
conditions and environments that support wellbeing and allow people to lead a healthy life. Promoting mental health depends largely on strategies to ensure that older people have the necessary resources to meet their need. Good general health and social care is important for promoting older people's health, preventing disease and managing chronic illnesses. Training all health providers in working with issues and disorders related to ageing is therefore important. Effective, community-level primary mental health care for older people is crucial. It is equally important to focus on the long-term care of older adults suffering from mental disorders, as well as to provide caregivers with education, training and support. An appropriate and supportive legislative environment based on internationally accepted human rights standards is required to ensure the highest quality of services to people with mental illness and their caregivers.