Final exam study guide

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM Dear EXCI 252 students, The Final Exam is scheduled for Wednesday, December 6, 2023, from 9:00 to 11:00 AM in classrooms MB-3.430 , MB-3.435 , and MB-3.445 of the John Molson School of Business (JMSB) building located at the Sir George Williams campus . Please visit your personalized final exam schedule by logging in to the   Student Hub  with your netname and then go to My CU Account > Academic > View exam schedule to find your classroom. ACSD students are expected to write the final exam in one of the downtown ACSD classrooms. You will have 2 hours to complete the exam, which will be composed of multiple-choice questions . Each question will have 4 choices ( A, B, C, or D) with only one correct answer . The final exam is worth 30% of your final grade. To write the final exam, you must present your valid Concordia University student identification card to the invigilators. Furthermore, you only need a pencil , an eraser , a nonprogrammable or ENCS-approved calculator for the final exam. Cell phones , and electronic dictionaries cannot be used during the exam. However, a printed (hard copy) translation dictionary (English to French, English to Spanish, English to Chinese, etc.) may be used during the exam. You are responsible for material from the textbook chapters indicated in the table below, the PowerPoint slides corresponding to these chapters, and any information covered in class lectures . If you notice a difference in content between the course textbook and the PowerPoint slides, the slides will take precedence because they have been updated to account for some errors or outdated information contained in the course textbook. It is recommended that you use the PowerPoint slides as your template for studying. If you do not understand some of the material in the slides, you can refer to the textbook. Chapte r Textbook Title Pages 6 Assessing Muscular Fitness 159-187 7 Designing Resistance Training Programs 189-227 8 Assessing Body Composition 229-279 9 Designing Weight Management & Body Composition Programs 281-308 10 Assessing Flexibility 309-329 11 Designing Programs for Flexibility & Low Back Care 331-347 Section CSEP-PATH Title Pages 3 Behaviour Change (CSEP-PATH 2021) 3-21 4 Musculoskeletal Fitness Assessment (CSEP-PATH 2021) 41-55 4 Sit and Reach (CSEP-PATH, 2021) 48-49 4 Physical Activity Training for Health (CSEP-PATH 2021) 65-87 Please note that pages 67 to 71 in Chapter 3 of the course textbook authored by Gibson, Wagner, and Heyward (2019) contains some information about behaviour change . Please refer to the following pages for the specifics of this study content guide. 1

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM Chapter 6 Assessment of Muscular Fitness (Pages 159 to 187)  You are responsible to study most of the material in this chapter.  Use the PowerPoint slides as your guide for this chapter.  Please refer to the course textbook if you need clarification related to some of the content in the PowerPoint slides. Muscle fitness ( see page 72 ): characteristics of strength, hypotrophy, and local muscular endurance. Through resistance training (free weights, machines, body weight, bands…) where exert force against resistance. - Sources of measurement error in muscular fitness testing: client factors (experience, familiarity, motivation, maximal effort, restricted drugs and medications…) equipment (most of the dynamic strength and muscular endurance protocols and norms uses constant resistance exercise machines, calibration, inspection, maintenance…), technician skill (qualified, trained, explanation, demonstration…), environmental factors (room °C, humidity, clean). Muscular Endurance: muscle group exert a submaximal force, a given force, maintain a specific % of the max voluntary contraction, execute repeated contractions (to cause fatigue), sustain a static contraction (without fatigue) for extended periods. - Dynamic muscular endurance testing : repetitions to failure at a given % of body weight of 1 RM. YMCA bench press test uses a flat bench and barbell. As many of rep as possible. Cadence set a 30 reps/min. stopped when client can’t maintain the exercise cadence. 80 lb male and 35 lb female. Use a test battery , lift a % of client’s body mass up to max 15 reps. Muscular strength: maximal force generated in a single contraction at a specific velocity. Muscle group or specific muscle generate a maximal contractile force against a resistance in a single contraction. Peak force of torque developed in a max voluntary contraction. Absolute (MVC) or relative (MVC/Body Mass) Muscular Power: skill-related component. Muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time (exert force rapidly). Rate of the mechanical work. Maximal amount of force for the least amount of time. Muscle imbalance: may compromise joint stability. Increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury. - Ratios: The difference in strength between contralateral muscle groups should not be more than 15%, upper body should be at least 40% of lower body relative strength. Isokinetic dynamometers have been used to assess muscle imbalances of agonist/antagonist ( see page 67 ) 2

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM  Cable Tensiometer: goniometer. provides the advantage of versatility for recording force measurements at virtually all angles about a specific joint’s ROM (assess strength impairment, monitor progress during rehabilitation). Strength in 38 muscle groups.  Digital Handheld Dynamometry: upper and lower body musculature. 11 muscle groups.  Clinical methods: v-sit test (trunk reclined 60°, angle of flexion (knee and hips  90°), Sorensen test (bench height = 25 cm, side bridge test, novel side-support test (feet are elevated on a 15 cm padded stool). - Dynamic: all concentric and eccentric. Muscle length changes. Visible joint movement. Free weight (dynamic muscular strength and endurance), constant-resistance exercise machines (dynamic muscular strength and endurance), variable-resistance exercise machines ( not for dynamic muscular strength and endurance), free-motion exercise machines, isokinetic-resistance exercise machines, calisthenic-type exercise tests. o Advantages and disadvantages of constant-resistance exercise machines compared to free weights: CREMs require less neuromuscular coordination to stabilize body parts and maintain balance and no spotting. However, limit an individual’s ROM and plane of movement, have large weight plate increments, can’t accommodate people w/ short limbs, long limbs, large body and large limb circumferences.  auxotonic: free weight. Before called isotonic (tension fluctuates greatly even tho the resistance is constant throughout the ROM). Now (variable muscle tensions caused by changing velocities and joint action). Can be called dynamic constant external resistance exercise. The muscle group does not contract maximally throughout the ROM. o Major disadvantage: measure dynamic strength only at the weakest point in the ROM. The resistance can’t be varied to account for fluctuations in muscular force caused by the changing mechanical (angle of muscle pull) and physiological (muscle length advantage) of the musculoskeletal system during the movement. Concentric: resistance < force by muscle group. Muscle shortens during tension. Eccentric: resistance > force by muscle group. Muscle lengthens during tension. Resist gravity. o Force plates and linear transducers: used to obtain direct measures of muscular force and power. Gold standard of measuring dynamic strength and power. Expensive due to cost of equipment. o Tendo weightlifting analyzer system: linear transducer that can be attached to the end of a barbell. Reliable and valid device to evaluate lifting movement velocity, muscle force and power during dynamic resistance exercise in field setting. o Myotest accelerometer: measure force production in 3 different planes of movement. High validity and reliability for measuring dynamic muscular strength and power. Practical device to evaluate lifting movement velocity, muscle force and power in field setting. 4

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM o 1-RM: most common in clinical setting. obtained through trials and errors. Used to rate health status, establish exercise prescription workloads and/or monitor resistance training programs. The heaviest weight that can be moved only once through full ROM. One complete rep. Time consuming. May be underestimated for clients with little or no resistance exercise experience. Outside scope of practice of a CSEP-CPT. Warm-up: 5-10 reps 40%-60% of estimated 1 RM, rest 1 min, 3-5 reps at 60-80% estimated 1 RM, rest 2 min. Attempt 1-RM lift. Rest 2- 4 min between attempts. If successful, increase weight (5-10% upper body, 10- 20% lower body). Until failure (usually within 3 to 5 trials).  relative strength: 1 RM/body mass. Six test items: bench press, arm curl, lat pull, leg press, leg extension, leg curl.  estimation of 1 RM: submaximal muscular endurance tests (YMCA), 1 RM prediction equations, prediction tables. Use the average # of reps corresponding to various percentages of 1 RM. Estimated 1 RM = Weight lifted / (% 1 RM/100).  isokinetic: isokinetic dynamometer (matches the force exerted to keep the same velocity = different resistance). Maximal contraction of a muscle group at a constant velocity throughout the entire ROM. o Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer: involves the assessment of maximal muscle tension throughout a ROM set at a constant angular velocity. Maximally loaded for the complete ROM by an isokinetic resistance exercise machine. Provides an accurate and reliable assessment of strength, endurance and power of muscle groups. The speed of limb is kept at a constant preselected velocity. The resistance counteracting the individuals force production is called accommodating resistance. Peak torque (puissance), total work and power can be evaluated. o Protocols Isokinetic tests Speed Protocol Measure Strength 30 or 60 2 submax practice trials and 3 max trials Peak torque Endurance 120 to 180 1 max trial # reps until torque reaches 50% initial torque value Power 120 to 300 2 submax practice trials and 3 max trials Peak torque o Limitation: expensive. Only permits angular motion. No isokinetic muscle actions occur in real-life movements.  Variable resistance: machines w/ cams and pulleys. The muscle contracts maximally throughout the entire ROM by varying the resistance to match the exercise strength curve. Provide proportionally less resistance in weaker segments of ROM and more resistance in stronger segments of the ROM. Overcomes the main limitation of auxotonic resistance exercise. Have a moving connection between the resistance and the point of force of application. o Cam: ellipse connected to the movement arm of the machine on which the cable or belt travels. Each joint movement has an associated strength curve. Limitation 5

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM  Do NOT study MUSCULAR FITNESS TESTING OF OLDER ADULTS & CHILDREN on pages 181 to 186. 7

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM Chapter 7 Designing Resistance Training Programs (Pages 189 to 227)  You are responsible to study most of the material in this chapter.  Use the PowerPoint slides as your guide for this chapter.  Please refer to the course textbook if you need clarification related to some of the content in the PowerPoint slides. Resistance training: systematic program of exercise for the development of the muscular system. Health benefits: Improved and maintained muscular endurance, strength, power, hypotrophy. Builds mass (bone density and strength, counteracts loss of bone minerals, decrease the risk of falls w/ age). Increase in size and strength of ligaments and tendon. Lower BP. Increase in FFM, decrease fat mass and relative body fat. Muscle fiber: single muscle cell. Classified by color, speed of contraction, strength, fatigue resistance, energy source. Composed of myofibrils (protein structures). Slow-twitch fibers (type I), intermediate fibers (Type IIA), fast twitch fibers (Type IIX). - Motor unit: makes the functional unit of movement. Made up of a nerve cell (alpha motor neuron) connected to a # of muscle fibers. All the muscle fibers in the muscle unit will contract to their maximum capacity when a nerve cell calls on its muscle fibers to contract. + motor units = + force. Slow twitch MU = - force than fast-twitch MU. Slow recruited first for most dynamic movements. Muscles: mix of slow and fast twitch fibers. Type of fiber that acts is dependent of the type of work required. Slow (endurance), fast (strength and power) Resistance training adaptations: increase size of fast and slow twitch muscle fibers, not increase the # of muscle fibers. - First 2 to 8 weeks: rapid increase in strength due to neural adaptations (muscle learning). - 8 to 10 weeks: muscle hypertrophy contributes more than neural adaptation to strength gains. - > 6 months: increase strength w/o hypertrophy. Secondary phase of neural adaptation. Hypertrophy: increase in the size of cell or tissue. Process of making larger muscle fibers. Increase of muscle fiber size, amount of connective tissue, cell content of enzymes and energy storage. 8

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM o Improved muscular strength: loads > 60% 1 RM. Novices 40-85% 1 RM. Experienced 80-100% 1 RM. o Improved muscular power: upper body 30-60% 1 RM. Lower body 0-60% 1 RM. - Time: depend on set and reps o Improved muscular fitness: novice at least 1 set, 8-12 reps. o Improved muscular strength: novices at least 1 set, 8-12 reps. Experienced multiple sets, 1-12 reps. o Improved muscular power: 1 to 3 sets, 3-6 reps. o Rest intervals: 1-2 min or > 2 min between each set. - Type: different types of equipment and body weight exercises. Program for clients who don’t have time: split routine, agonist vs antagonist, upper body vs lower body, push vs pull, compound exercises. Periodization: systematic variation of intensity and volume of resistance training. To maximize the response of the neuromuscular system. To minimize overtraining and injury. Variation of training volumes (# of sets, reps, exercises), training intensity (resistance), type of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric) and training frequency. Macrocycle (9-12 months), mesocycle (3-4 months), microcycle (1-4 weeks) - Classic linear periodization model: % 1-RM or #RM. Intensity increase, volume decreases w/ weeks. - Reverse linear periodization model: % 1 RM or #RM. Intensity decrease, volume increase w/ weeks. - Undulating periodization model: #RM (volume). Decrease for cycle 1, increase for cycle 2. Circuit resistance training: dynamic resistance training to increase strength, muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance. 40-55% 1 RM. Reps as many as possible for 30s. 15 sec of rest. 12 stations clockwise, 9 times, 3 sessions (27min). 3 days/week, 8 weeks. Core stability training: improve functional capacity and sport skills performance. The ability to maintain the ideal alignment of the neck, spine, scapula, pelvis while performing an exercise. Develops muscular endurance more than strength or power. Performed on unstable surfaces. Eccentric training: load is limited to eccentric muscle action only. Higher forces and velocities. Improve strength, hypertrophy, performance and aid in tendon and muscle injury rehabilitation. Increased risk for delayed onset muscle soreness. Functional training: 6-step approach by Yoke and Kennedy (2004). Difficulty level (strength) and skill level (balance and coordination) of specific exercises are rated. All muscle groups. Improve joint stability, neuromuscular control, flexibility, muscular fitness. 4 types of exercises (spinal stabilization, proprioception and balance, resistance, flexibility exercises) Extreme conditioning programs: high intensity functional training. Short recovery periods. Multi-joint exercises, fictional movements, body resistance. CrossFit.  Study the following guidelines : 10

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM  General Guidelines for Dynamic Resistance Exercise Training ( slides 32-33 )  Table 7.1: Guidelines for Designing Isometric Training Programs ( slide 26 )  ACSM (2022) Guidelines for Resistance Training of Healthy Adults ( slides 34-36 )  Table 7.8: Guidelines for Designing Isokinetic Resistance Training Programs ( slide 77 )  Study the isometric and dynamic resistance exercises on slides 27 and 52 , respectively.  You need to know the advantages & disadvantages of the different types of resistance training.  Do NOT memorize information in the following tables (understand the concepts associated with these tables that affect the prescription of exercises when designing resistance training programs) :  Table 7.3: Guidelines for Resistance Training Programs for Novice Lifters  Table 7.4: Guidelines for Resistance Training Programs for Intermediate Lifters  Table 7.5: Guidelines for Resistance Training Programs for Advanced Lifters  CSEP’s Typical Resistance Training Variables for Novice-Intermediate Levels of Training.  Do NOT study the resistance training guidelines for novice, intermediate, and advanced lifters.  However, you should be able to identify which factors will influence your selection of intensity, volume, frequency, and rest interval between sets for a client.  For example, you must be aware that the intensity, volume, velocity, frequency, and rest interval of a resistance training program are partly dependent on the training status of your lifter (novice, intermediate, or advanced).  Do NOT study Designing Resistance Training Programs for Children and Older Adults on pages 209 to 211.  Do NOT study MUSCULAR SORENESS on pages 224 to 226. 11

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM - Hydrostatic weighing: estimate of BV from the volume of water displaced by the body’s volume. Based on the Archimedes’ principle of water displacement. Weight loss under water is directly proportional to the volume of water displaced by the BV . If air remains in body, underwater weight will decrease. More fat = less dense = % body fat will be higher, more muscular = denser = % body fat will be lower. Density = float or sink. Displacement = how much place you take in water. So if fat, more displace. o Db =BM/BV o Db = Wa/ [(Wa-Ww/Dw) – (RV+GV)] Wa = body weight in air Ww = net body weight in water  Tare weight = chair of platform and supporting equipment Dw = density of water at a given temperature  Water °C +++ = density ---, inverse relationship RV = residual volume in lungs after a maximal expiration. 1 to 2.4 L  Male: RV = (0.017 x Age) + (0.027 x Ht in cm) – 3.447  Female: RV = (0.009 x Age) + (0.032 x Ht) - 3.90  Closed circuit approach: oxygen, nitrogen, helium dilution. Dilution gas w/ air of our lungs to reach equilibrium w/ lungs and system.  Open-circuit approach: nitrogen washout. Using oxygen to wash out nitrogen. GV = volume of air in the gastrointestinal tract o The effect of measurement error on the determination of BV, Db and % BF from HW: Overestimate BV Db % BF Dry land weight overestimate underestimate overestimate Under water weight underestimate overestimate underestimate Water °C overestimate underestimate overestimate RV underestimate overestimate underestimate - Sources of error in hydrostatic weighing: o Pretesting guidelines: eating (not 4h before), strenuous exercise (not 4h before), gas producing foods or beverage (not 12h before) o Equipment calibration before testing, equipment used. o Measurements of BW, UWW, RV: better to do in underwater measure the RV while they’re submerged. o Client factors: people don’t want to go in water or don’t like it. - Modification of HW procedures o UWW client at functional residual capacity: when they are unable to expel all the air from the lungs. Db is measured at the FRC (volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration). FRC = ERV + RV. ERV (expiratory reserve volume = maximal volume of air that can be expired from the lungs after a normal expiration) must still measure RV. Db = Wa / [(Wa-Ww)/Dw)- (FRC+GV)] o UWW client at total lung capacity: unable to expel all of the air from the lungs (will displace more water, fat is lense dense than muscle  less dense when 13

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM fat ). Db is measured at TLC. TLC = VC+RV. TLC is the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration and VC is the maximal volume of air that can be expired from the lungs after a maximal inspiration. Still measure RV. Db = Wa/ [(Wa-Ww)/Dw)- (TLC + GV) o UWW client at TLC w/ head above water level: fearful of being submerged, unable to bend forward to assume the proper body position. Db is measured at TLC w/ head not submerged (TLCNS). Male: Db at RV = 0.5829 (Db at TLCNS) +0.4059. Female: Db at RV = 0.4745 (Db at TLCNS) + 0.5173. Low error (SEE). - Disadvantages of UWW: procedure is time-consuming. Equipment is expensive. Some clients may not be able to perform the procedure. Calculate % body fat: - Fat mass = body mass x relative fat (%) - Fat-free mass = body mass – fat mass - Target body weight = (fat-free mass) / (100%-goal fat %) - Conversion /2.2 pounds for kg Air displacement plethysmography: to measure body volume and density. Uses air displacement to estimate body volume. - Boyle’s law: at a constant °C, volume and pressure are inversely related. P1/P2 = V2/V1. P1, V1 when Bod Pod chamber is empty. P2, V2 when client is in the Bod Pod chamber. Body volume = V1-V2. Body density = body mass/body volume - Bod Pod testing: Minimal clothing, swim cap (corrects for the isothermal effects of hair), estimation of the body surface area (from height and weight. Corrects for the isothermal effects at the body’s surface), measurement or estimation of thoracic gas volume (volume of air in the lungs (FRC) at midexhalation (accounts for the isothermal conditions in the lung) o Sources of isothermal air: underestimate of body fat = overestimate the body density. Excess body, excess facial hair, scalp hair, more clothing, body (skin) surface area, thoracic gas volume. - Advantages and disadvantages of ADP: quick, requires minimal technician skill, instructions are minimal, bod pod is mobile. Equipment is expensive, requires special clothing. Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry: yields estimate of bone mineral, fat, lean soft-tissue and visceral adipose tissue mass at the whole body level and regional level. Clinical setting. PART 2 Bioelectrical impedance analysis method: 3-component. Called impedance plethysmography. Estimating relative body fat and FFM and total body water. A 50 khz current is generated and passed through the person. The measurement of electrical impedance is detected as the resistance to electrical current. 14

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM o Waist-to-hip circumference ratio: = waist circumference / hip circumference. indirect measure of lower and upper body fat distribution. Measure of central adiposity and visceral fat. WHO or ASRM for waist and hip (WHO = widest point over greater trochanter, ASRM = maximum extension of buttocks) measurements. o Waist to height ratio: = waist circumference / standing height. Better indicator of adiposity and health risks than WC alone. WC should be less than half of the height. o Sagittal abdominal diameter: measure of the anteroposterior thickness of the abdomen at the umbilical level. Amount of dysfunctional visceral adipose tissue in body. Related to risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases than WC, WHR and BMI. - Skeletal diameter (D): measure of bony width or breadth (knee, angle, or wrist). Important estimator of bone and muscle of FFM. Body mass index: BMI = Weight / height ^2. To classify if obese, overweight and underweight. Obesity 30-34.9. Normal 18.5-24.9. - Limitations: overestimates body fat in persons who are very muscular. Can underestimate body fat in persons who have lost muscle mass. Not a good measure of visceral fat. High BMI for short people.  For this chapter , you must cover all of the PowerPoint slides in Parts 1 and 2 .  Do not memorize :  Table 8.1: Body Fat Percentage Categories for Adults and Children by Decade of Life  Table 8.2: Population-Specific Two Component Model Formulas for Converting Body Density to Percent Body Fat  Table 8.3: Skinfold Prediction Equations  Table 8.4: Comparison of High-Quality Metal Calipers and Plastic SKF Calipers  Table 8.5: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Prediction Equations  Table 8.6: Circumference Prediction Equations  Table 8.8 Waist-to-Hip Circumference Ratio Norms Men and Women  You should know how to use tables 8.1 to 8.8.  Although you are not expected to memorize the body density equation s in Table 8.2 on page 232 of the course textbook, you should know what they are used for and how to use them. If I were to include a question relating to this table, the equations would be provided.  You can summarize some of the information in Chapter 8 by creating tables based on the following topics: 16

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM  principles or assumptions upon which each body composition method is based,  pretest guidelines for each body composition method,  measurements or estimations made for each body composition method,  sources of measurement error for each body composition method, and  advantages and disadvantages of each body composition method.  The following are some sample questions to assist you.  What is body composition?  What is fat mass (FM)?  What is fat-free mass (FFM)?  What is lean body mass (LBM)?  What is the difference between FFM and LBM?  What are the main categories of body fat?  What is essential fat?  What is nonessential fat?  What are the locations of essential and nonessential fat?  Where is nonessential fat found primarily?  Which factors affect the amount of storage fat in a human being?  What differences do you observe between reference man and reference woman?  Which methods of assessing body composition are classified as two-, three-, or multiple-component models?  Which components of body composition are determined using these body composition methods?  Which body composition methods are classified as reference methods and field methods?  What is the two-component model of body composition?  What are the five assumptions of the two-component model of body composition?  Are the five assumptions of the two-component model of body composition valid?  What are the Siri (1961) and Brozek et al. (1963) equations used to determine?  On which populations would you use the Siri (1961) and Brozek et al. (1963) equations?  Which factors have been shown to alter the density of the fat-free body (FFB) component by research studies?  Would you overestimate or underestimate your client’s % BF, if the FFB density was estimated to be greater than 1.100 g·cm -3 (overestimated)?  Would you overestimate or underestimate your client’s % BF, if the FFB density was estimated to be lower than 1.100 g·cm -3 (underestimated)?  Relative to the assumption of the two-component model of body composition that FFB density is equal to 1.100 g·cm -3 , would you overestimate or underestimate % BF for a black man or woman, a pro football player, a white child, or an elderly white man or woman?  Which methods for assessing body composition are densitometric methods?  What is measured by the densitometric methods?  What principle is hydrostatic weighing based upon?  Understand the principle of hydrostatic weighing.  It is important to understand the equation used to determine total body density (Db) with the hydrostatic weighing (HW) technique. 17

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM  What is ADP used to measure?  How does ADP assess body composition?  What does ADP use to estimate body volume?  What is Boyle’s law?  What are V 1 and V 2 ?  What is represented by V 1 − V 2 ?  Which sources of isothermal air affect the accuracy of the BOD POD test results?  What are the sources of error when ADP is used to assess body composition?  What are the advantages and disadvantages of using ADP to assess a client’s body composition?  What is the Bod Pod?  What type of clothing must a client wear during ADP (Bod Pod) testing to obtain accurate results?  What factors must be corrected during ADP (BOD POD) testing in order to obtain a client’s actual body volume?  Read the Testing Procedures for the Bod Pod to obtain a better understanding of the ADP method on page 240.  What are the special considerations for the ADP method?  What is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)?  How does DEXA assess body composition?  What is the definition of attenuation?  What are the advantages and disadvantages of DEXA?  What factors affect the accuracy of DEXA results?  Read the Basic Testing Procedures for DEXA on page 244.  What are the special considerations for the DEXA method?  What is the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method?  What are the assumptions upon which BIA is based?  How does the BIA method assess body composition?  What are the definitions of impedance, resistance, and reactance?  What is the relationship between electrical resistance and electrical conductance?  Which tissue is the most resistant to electrical current?  Which tissue is the least resistant to electrical current?  What is the traditional BIA method?  What is estimated by the traditional (tetrapolar whole-body) BIA method?  What do the Tanita BI and Omron BI analyzers estimate?  What are the advantages of the BIA method?  What are the sources of BIA measurement error?  What is not a major source of BIA measurement error?  What is the major source of BIA measurement error?  Sources of measurement error are covered on pages 263 to 268 of your textbook.  Does an inverse or a direct relationship exist between resistance (R) and skin temperature?  Dehydration has been shown to increase R, whereas exercise-induced dehydration decreases R. What is the explanation provided in your textbook regarding the different effects of dehydration and exercise-induced dehydration on R? 19

EXCI 252 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, & FITNESS FALL 2023 STUDY CONTENT GUIDE FOR THE FINAL EXAM  What effects do eating, dehydration, and aerobic exercise have on resistance measurements and the estimation of FFM and % BF?  What are the BIA pretesting client guidelines?  What are the standardized procedures for the supine, whole-body BIA method?  What are the anthropometric methods?  What is anthropometry?  Which anthropometric methods measure body size, body proportion, and assess the sizes and proportions of body segments?  Which basic relationships are assumed when you use the skinfold (SKF) method to estimate total body density in order to calculate relative body fat?  What is indirectly measured by skinfolds?  What types of prediction equations have been developed to predict body density from SKF measurements?  How many skinfolds are used in most equations to predict body density?  Do nomograms exist for some SKF prediction equations?  What are the sources of SKF measurement error?  What is the major error of SKF measurement error?  What are the major causes of low intertester (intertechnician) reliability for SKF measurements?  What are the Standardized Procedures for Skinfold Measurements?  What are the Recommendations for Skinfold Technicians?  What are the definitions of circumference (C), waist circumference (WC), skeletal diameter (D), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR), waist- to-height ratio (WHTR), and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD)?  What are estimated by C, D, BMI, WHR, WHTR, and SAD, respectively?  Which anthropometric measures are used to assess total and regional body composition?  Which anthropometric indices are used to identify and classify disease risk?  What are the uses of the BMI?  What are the limitations of the BMI?  What are the limitations of WHR?  What influences hip circumference and waist circumference?  What is the cutoff boundary value of WHTR?  Which anthropometric measure has been suggested as a better indicator of adiposity and health risks of WC alone?  What is the purpose of using the Ashwell Body Shape Chart?  Which anthropometric measure is suggested to be an excellent measure of visceral fat?  Which anthropometric measure is more strongly related to risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases?  What are the sources of anthropometric measurement error? 20