Promoting Children's Health: Insights on Nutrition and Growth

Title: Demonstrate knowledge in promoting children's health and nutrition based on awareness of child development and observation ECE 118-203 Health, Safety and Nutrition Group Assignment 2 Srija Koju (A00176931) Pratijna Sigdel (A00179227) Jyoti Karki (A00174328) Karuna Khanal (A00173816) Devika Haridas (A00173052) Prerna (A00170287) Monsurat Oyewunmi Oladosu (A00184387) Instructor: Gayathri Nagar Due Date: 4 th December, 2023

1 4.0 Demonstrate knowledge in promoting children's health and nutrition based on awareness of child development and observation. Introduction Understanding and promoting children's health and nutrition is like beginning an exciting adventure through their various phases of development. It entails exploring the nuances of their growth, identifying critical junctures, and creating interventions that are specifically designed to support their overall well-being. From birth until early preschool, every child is a different story that develops in unique ways, punctuated by crucial milestones in their physical, cognitive, and emotional development. It's not enough to focus only on what kids consume to create a supportive environment; you also need to create a whole environment that supports their body, mind, and emotions. This method recognizes the individuality of every kid, their preferences, and their challenges. It entails careful observation to ascertain the children's likes and dislikes, as well as to remove any barriers they may face. It is imperative to guarantee that children are provided with well-rounded and nourishing food, as this has a profound effect on their mental and physical well-being. Beyond specific meals, a child's eating habits are shaped by a variety of circumstances, including their home environment, parental guidance, and the school context. Concerns over the link between food poverty and obesity where the cost of unhealthy meals drives up childhood obesity rates are becoming more prevalent. Furthermore, eating habits, health, and nutrition have an impact on more than just physical health; they are crucial for a child's emotional development at different phases of development.

2 Their bodies are nourished by the nutrition they consume, which also support mental and emotional health. It is critical to address children's dietary needs and comprehend the repercussions of deficits in order to promote their health. Tackling more general issues like nutrition quality and food insecurity is part of a complete strategy. This comprehensive approach acknowledges the complex interplay between societal challenges, environmental factors, and dietary patterns in shaping the health outcomes of the younger population. 4.1 Describe factors that shape eating habits. Exploring the intricacies of children's eating habits unveils a multifaceted tapestry shaped by various influences. From the family environment, parenting styles, and maternal and paternal impacts to the significance of family meals, education, socioeconomic status, and child eating behaviors – each element weaves together to mold dietary preferences. This brief exploration delves into the factors that collectively contribute to shaping the way children eat. Family Environment: The family environment significantly influences children's eating habits. A positive family system promotes healthy behaviors through role modeling, providing nutritious foods, and supporting healthy eating. The "family health climate" captures shared perceptions about a healthy lifestyle within the family, impacting daily life, health evaluations, and interaction patterns. Children learn food styles by imitating others, especially parents and caregivers. General Parental Influences: Parenting styles, such as authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and neglectful, play a crucial role. Authoritative parenting, combining control and warmth,

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3 fosters children's self-efficacy and improved eating behaviors. Restrictive feeding practices can backfire, increasing children's intake of restricted foods. An authoritative style, with moderate control, supports children's self-regulation, promoting better diet quality and reducing obesity risk. Maternal Influences: Mothers play a key role in determining children's food offerings. Emotional investments in children's eating influence portion sizes, with mothers adapting to their child's eating preferences. Mothers' actions directly impact children's eating habits and preferences. The influence extends to the child's gender, as observed differences exist in caloric content between boys' and girls' meals. Paternal Influences: Fathers exert a considerable influence, with a focus on pressuring children to eat. Responsive feeding practices, identifying and responding to the child's hunger and satiety cues, are crucial. Father-child shared meals, especially breakfast, correlate with healthier food choices and reduced sweetened beverage consumption. Family Meals: Family meals offer a sociocultural setting impacting children's weight status and eating patterns. Frequent family meals relate to greater consumption of healthy foods and positive psychosocial effects. However, watching television during meals can negate these benefits, leading to unhealthy eating habits. Family meals contribute to childhood obesity prevention strategies and are associated with fewer risk-taking behaviors in teens. Education and Socioeconomic Status: Low socioeconomic status is linked to childhood obesity. Social groups and maternal education influence children's eating behaviors. Children of well-educated mothers consume more fruit and vegetables and have regular breakfasts. Long-

4 lasting effects of childhood social disadvantage contribute to cardio-metabolic diseases in adulthood. Child Eating Behavior: Parents adapt feeding practices based on their child's weight and appetitive tendencies. Using food as a reward or restriction may lead to overeating during negative emotions. Excessive control may unintentionally teach children to eat palatable foods to manage emotions. Food Preferences: Recognition of tastes and odors develops before birth, influencing early acceptance of nutritious foods. Sweetness is a potent stimulus, making foods more palatable. Children exposed to varied foods early on show fewer rejection behaviors. Food neophobia, rejecting unfamiliar foods, is a normal developmental phase. Fussiness is linked to lower dietary variety and quality, particularly a reduced preference for vegetables. 4.2 How to recognize how to support engaged learning through child exploration of food and meal preparation. Supporting engaged learning through child exploration of food and meal preparation can be a rewarding and educational experience. Here are several points on how to recognize and foster this type of learning: Encourage Curiosity: Foster a sense of curiosity by introducing children to various foods, ingredients, and utensils in the kitchen. Allow them to ask questions about the origins, colors, textures, and smells of different foods.

5 Create a Safe Environment: Ensure a safe and child-friendly kitchen environment by removing any potential hazards and providing age-appropriate utensils. Supervise the cooking process to prevent accidents and guide children in using tools safely. Hands-On Experience: Allow children to actively participate in meal preparation, giving them hands-on experience with washing, chopping, mixing, and other age-appropriate tasks. Engaging their senses through touch, sight, and smell enhances the learning experience. Connect with Learning Goals: Integrate educational concepts into the cooking process, such as measuring ingredients to reinforce math skills or discussing the nutritional value of different foods to promote health awareness. Use the opportunity to introduce concepts like sequencing (following a recipe), fractions (measuring ingredients), and cause-and-effect (cooking processes). Encourage Decision-Making: Let children make simple choices, such as selecting ingredients, deciding on recipes, or choosing cooking methods This fosters a sense of independence and responsibility while promoting decision-making skills.

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6 Cultural Exploration: Explore different cuisines and cultural practices related to food. Discuss the origins of various dishes, ingredients, and cooking techniques. Introduce diverse flavors and traditions to broaden their understanding of the world. Promote Teamwork: Encourage collaboration and teamwork by involving children in group cooking activities. This helps develop social skills, communication, and cooperation. Assign different roles to each child, such as measuring, mixing, or setting the table, to emphasize the importance of working together. Document the Process: Encourage children to document their cooking experiences through drawings, writing, or even taking photographs. This not only reinforces literacy skills but also provides a record of their culinary exploration. Celebrate Achievements: Acknowledge and celebrate the children's efforts and achievements in the kitchen. This positive reinforcement boosts their confidence and encourages continued exploration. Extend Learning Beyond the Kitchen: Connect the cooking experience to other areas of learning, such as science (discussing the transformation of ingredients through heat), geography (learning about the origin of specific foods), and language arts (writing recipes or creating a food-related story).

7 By recognizing and actively supporting engaged learning through child exploration of food and meal preparation, you can foster a love for learning, promote important life skills, and create positive memories associated with food and cooking. 4.3 Review the impact of food insecurity on the developing child. Food insecurity is the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, or the limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways. Since early childhood is a crucial time for physical and emotional growth, not having enough food during these years can be harmful. It can make other problems linked to poverty, like less access to healthcare and unstable housing, even worse. Bad nutrition and not having enough food can make people less healthy both physically and mentally at any age, but in young kids, it can seriously impact their well-being and development, sticking with them throughout their lives. Food insecurity has serious consequences for children’s health and well-being beyond just poor nutrition and diet. Reduced learning and productivity: Food insecurity significantly hampers a child's learning and productivity by impeding crucial cognitive functions. Insufficient access to vital nutrients like iron and omega-3 fatty acids impairs concentration, affecting active engagement in learning. Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals hinder memory retention, making it difficult for children to recall information from school. Adequate nutrition is indispensable for developing cognitive skills crucial for academic success, and the cumulative impact results in compromised academic performance. Addressing food insecurity comprehensively is essential not only for

8 physical health but also for creating an environment conducive to optimal cognitive development and academic achievement in children. Mental health: The stress and anxiety arising from uncertain access to food can significantly impact a child's mental well-being. The continuous concern about where the next meal will come from places emotional strain on the child, potentially leading to heightened stress levels and the development of mental health issues like anxiety or depression. Chronic diseases: Children who lack sufficient access to nourishing food may encounter lasting health problems. Insufficient consumption of crucial nutrients, including iron, can lead to issues like anemia and compromise the immune system. These challenges may persist into adulthood, highlighting the enduring repercussions of inadequate nutrition during childhood. Social Development and Relationships: The impact of food insecurity extends to a child's social growth and connections with others. Children dealing with food insecurity may encounter social isolation or bias as a result of their situation. They may avoid participating in social activities that involve food, such as shared meals or gatherings, leading to challenges in establishing and maintaining friendships. Additionally, the stress linked to food insecurity could hinder a child's capacity to engage positively in social interactions, potentially leading to difficulties in forming healthy relationships, both during childhood and in the future. Physical Growth and Development: Inadequate access to proper nutrition during early childhood can hinder the physical growth and maturation process. Children facing food insecurity may experience slowed growth, delayed development of motor skills, and overall setbacks in their developmental journey. The lack of crucial nutrients, such as proteins and vitamins essential for physical well-being, presents challenges in reaching developmental milestones. This not only

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9 affects a child's immediate health but also carries potential long-term consequences, influencing factors like adult height, bone density, and overall physical capabilities. Addressing food insecurity is crucial not only for preventing immediate health issues but also for ensuring optimal physical development and well-being throughout a child's life. 4.4 Explain the influence of Canada's Food Guide to healthy eating. Canada's Food Guide is an established cornerstone in the domain of nutritious eating, a vital guide crafted by world-class health professionals. It is more than just a series of suggestions; it is a commanding force, defining the very basis of dietary practices. It isn't just a suggestion; it's a solid structure encompassing the fundamentals of a health-conscious lifestyle, developed through thorough research and skill. This guide extends its influence beyond individual choices to society's well-being. It is an important resource for influencing public health policy, educational initiatives, and dietary patterns. The handbook empowers individuals while also cultivating a greater cultural awareness of health and well-being by highlighting the significance of balanced diet, control over portions, and food diversity. Adhering to the principles described in the Food Guide of Canada is aligning with an integrated approach to health, which recognizes the interconnection of nutrition and total well-being. Its influence extends beyond the dinner table, impacting food businesses, healthcare systems, and a nation's cultural psyche. Navigating the terrain of nutrition without taking into account its impact is ignoring a critical component in the goal of individual and social health. In essence, the Food Guide of Canada is more than just a guideline; it is a transformative force, creating the national health narrative. The 2019 Food Guide shifts the emphasis from advising us how to eat to wider ideas. It's not about severe restrictions; it's about three essential ideas: eating foods that have been shown to make us

10 healthy, avoiding items that have been shown to impair our health, and understanding the necessity of understanding how to make smart food choices. Consider processed foods, which we all know can include excessive amounts of sugar, salt, or unhealthy fats. So, according to the Food Guide, we should limit our intake of highly processed meals and replace sugary drinks with water. However, it is not just about particular decisions; it is also about how these proposals could link with larger policy. For example, perhaps advocating for stricter regulations on the types of fats allowed in foods. 4.5 Explore Canada’s Food Guide for First Nation, Inuit and Metis A resource that offers recommendations for healthful eating for Canadians is the Canada Food Guide. It seeks to support First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples, among other populations, in maintaining a healthy, well-balanced diet. Individual preferences and nutritional demands may differ because these communities have diverse cultural traditions and traditional diets. Understanding the importance of cultural sensitivity and respect for customary eating practices is crucial while examining the Canada Eating Guide for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. Numerous Indigenous peoples have distinctive food traditions that are ingrained in their cultural history. Berries, wild herbs, fish, and game meats are examples of traditional foods. The government of Canada created the extensive Canadian Food Guide to support Canadians in adopting healthy eating practices and to offer nutritional advice. The guide encourages people to make dietary decisions that support their general health and well-being and is updated regularly to take into account the most recent scientific findings and dietary trends. It highlights how important it is to eat a range of foods from all the food groups, such as whole grains, fruits

11 and vegetables, dairy products, and protein sources. The guidelines also highlight the importance of eating with awareness, controlling calories, and drinking plenty of water. Additionally, it suggests consuming less foods heavy in sodium, sugar, and saturated fats. With its helpful advice, ideas for meal planning, and structure for preparing nutritious, well-balanced meals that meet the specific dietary requirements of various Canadian communities, the Canadian Food Guide is an invaluable resource for individuals, families, educators, and medical professionals. Through advocating for a well-rounded and diverse diet, the book seeks to assist Canadians in attaining and preserving optimal health throughout their lifespan. The Canada Food Guide serves as a comprehensive and evidence-based resource that provides guidelines and recommendations to support healthy eating habits for Canadians. Developed by health experts and nutritionists, the guide emphasizes the importance of a balanced and varied diet that includes a mix of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, protein sources (such as lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and tofu), and dairy or dairy alternatives. It encourages individuals to choose water as their primary beverage and to limit the intake of processed foods high in saturated fats, sugars, and sodium. The guide also recognizes the cultural diversity of Canada and acknowledges that individual dietary needs may vary. It promotes mindful eating, paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, and fostering a positive relationship with food. The Canada Food Guide aims to empower Canadians to make informed food choices that contribute to overall health and well-being, promoting a holistic approach to nutrition that extends beyond the focus on specific nutrients. Here is one table that shows the food guide for Canada’s First Nation, Inuit and Metis

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12 Recommended Number of Food Guide Servings per day Teen and adults Children 2-3 years Children 4-13 years Male Female Vegetables and Fruit Fresh, frozen and canned 4 5-6 7-8 7-10 Grain Products 3 4-6 6-7 7-8 Milk and Alternatives 2 2-4 Teens 3-4 Adults (19-50 years) 2 Teens 3-4 Adults (19-50 years) 2

13 Adults (51+years) 3 Adults (51+years) 3 Meat and Alternatives 1 1-2 2 3 The Canada Food Guide: How to Use It The Food Guide indicates how much food constitutes a serving as well as how many servings to choose from each food group each day. The chart below can help you find your age and sex group. To find out how many servings of each of the four food groups you should eat each day, scroll down the column. Take a look at the illustrations of how much food constitutes a serving. For example, one serving of the Vegetables and Fruit food group is equal to 125 mL (½ cup) of carrots. The majority of the time, use vegetable oils with unsaturated fats when cooking or adding fat to food. Soybean, olive, and canola oils are among them. Aim for a modest quantity (2–3 tablespoons, or roughly 30–45 milliliters) per day. This quantity includes mayonnaise, margarine, salad dressings, and cooking oil.

14 Unsaturated fats are also present in traditional fats that are liquid at room temperature, such as whale and seal oil and hooligan grease. You can use them to replace all or part of the required daily intake of 2-3 tablespoons of unsaturated fats. Select soft margarine with minimal amounts of trans and saturated fats. Limit your use of bacon fat, butter, hard margarine, lard, and shortening. Individuals who abstain from eating or drinking milk products need to make sure they consume enough nutrition. The traditional dishes shown here explain how humans have obtained and are still obtaining the nutrients included in dairy products. People might not be consuming traditional meals in the quantities required for good health since they are not consumed as frequently as they once were. Seaweed and wild plants Bannock (prepared with baking powder). Fish bones, shellfish, beans, and nuts. People who abstain from eating or drinking milk products require more personalized guidance from a medical professional. In conclusion, the goal of the Canada Food Guide is to support a healthy, balanced diet that is in line with the most recent research findings on nutrition and health. It acknowledges the variety of food choices and cultural customs while empowering people to make decisions that advance their general well-being. 4.6 Describe how to create a positive eating environment. Creating a positive eating environment takes time and patience. Each child is unique, so it's essential to adapt some strategies to their individual preferences and needs. It is essential for fostering healthy eating habits and a positive relationship with food.

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15 Here are some more detailed notes on creating a positive eating environment for children: 1. Establish a Routine: Setting regular meal and snack times to provide structure and help children develop a sense of consistency. This can also prevent excessive snacking or grazing throughout the day. 2. Involve Children in Meal Planning and Preparation: Letting children participate in choosing recipes, grocery shopping, and meal preparation can increase their interest in trying new foods. It also helps them develop important life skills. 3. Offer a Variety of Foods: Introducing a wide range of nutritious foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products. Encouraging children to try new foods, but also respecting their preferences and avoid pressuring them to eat specific items. 4. Create a Positive Atmosphere: Make mealtimes enjoyable by engaging in pleasant conversations, sharing stories, or playing games. Avoiding negative comments about food or pressuring children to finish their plates. Instead, focusing on fostering a positive relationship with food. 5. Be a Role Model: Children are more likely to try new foods and adopt healthy eating habits when they see their parents or caregivers doing the same. Being a positive role model by eating a variety of foods and demonstrating healthy eating behaviors. 6. Limit Distractions: Minimizing distractions like television, tablets, or phones during mealtime. Encouraging children to focus on their food and engage in conversation with family members.

16 7. Encourage Independence: Allowing children to self-serve and choose their portions according to their hunger and fullness cues. This helps them develop a healthy relationship with food and promotes self-regulation. 8. Celebrate Achievements: Praising children for trying new foods or making healthy choices. Positive reinforcement can motivate them to continue exploring different foods and develop a positive attitude towards eating. By incorporating these practices, individuals can help create a positive and supportive eating environment that promotes healthy habits and a positive attitude toward food in children. 4.7 Outline the appropriate principles and practices in infant feeding. 1) Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life:  For the first six months of life, breast milk is an infant's best source of nutrients.  The recommendation is to promote exclusive breastfeeding, which means that babies should only be fed breast milk and no other liquids or solids. 2) Adaptive Foods:  Pay attention to the baby's cues about hunger and fullness.  When feeding a baby, give them food just when they're hungry and stop when they're full.

17 3) Slowly Introducing Complementary Foods:  At six months, introduce supplemental meals while the baby is still being breastfed.  Gradually include meals with varying textures and flavors, starting with single-ingredient dishes like rice cereal or pureed fruits and vegetables. 4) Rich in Nutrient Foods:  Serve a range of nutrient-dense meals to ensure a well-rounded diet.  Eat more meals high in minerals, including calcium, iron, zinc, and other substances essential to growth and development. 5) Proper Food Preparation and Handling Techniques:  Before handling or preparing meals for little children, always give a thorough hand washing.  To avoid infections, bottles, feeding equipment, and utensils should all be sterilised and maintained clean.

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18 6) Growth of the Ability to Sufficiently Manage Oneself:  As the infant grows, assist with their capacity to feed itself.  To promote independence, provide finger foods and utensils that are appropriate for the child's age. 7) Instruction for Parents and Guardians:  Parents should be informed and trained in appropriate feeding practices and infant nutrition.  Offer guidance and support in resolving common eating-related concerns. 8) Building an Environment That Is Healthy for Feed:  When it comes to feeding times, promote a cheerful, laid-back vibe.  At mealtimes, promote good interactions between newborns and their caretakers. 4.8 Identify developmental issues for children that affect their eating behavior. Developmental issues for children that affect their eating habits include:

19 Media influence: Commercials have been demonstrated to shape food understanding, mindsets, choices, and practices. There is an immediate causal connection between food product advertising and children's diets; specifically, this manifests as a rise in snack ingestion and overall calories, as well as a decline in intake of vegetables and fruits. The need to create "junk- food-free environments" for children has acquired increased backing from healthcare providers, consumer supporters, and worried political parties, based on the "choice context" through which children learn their food knowledge, form preferences, and make food choices. Children in Europe and the United States. A study discovered that when children practiced good habits such as drinking less sugary drinks, eating more fruits and vegetables, and getting enough rest, they were also less inclined to be overweight. Obesogenic environment Childhood, a critical stage in our growth as humans, is now up against a formidable foe: obesity. Parental feeding methods, which evolved as a survival strategy during periods of shortages of food, are now clashing with an availability of calorie-dense foods. Traits such as challenging with balancing calories consumed with real requirements, being extremely susceptible to outside food cues, experiencing extreme pleasure from chosen foods, and a preference for calorie-dense options can all contribute to overeating and what is known as 'dietary quality.' The current era, with its love of harmful fast foods, high in energy meals, and long and prolonged hours glued to electronic displays, has caused a significant increase in weight problems. Parents, particularly those who are struggling with their own weight issues, may adopt controlling feeding tactics in the intention to keep their children from experiencing the same difficulties. However, it shows that the quantity of food portions is more important than stringent dietary restrictions. Bigger servings tend to raise how much we eat, whereas smaller amounts can

20 result in a long-term reduction in general calorie intake. Striking a precise balance is essential, as restricting a child's diet too much might fail, promoting unhealthy eating behaviors like emotional overeating and overindulgence. It's a difficult dance for parents to navigate the landscape of encouraging good habits without unwittingly fostering stress and poor food relationships in their children. Family meals: Individual relationships have an impact on the family environment. The accessibility and affordability of various foodstuffs are physical elements of the home environment, whereas family meals are the important sociocultural context. Mealtimes provide a lifelike context in which parents frequently manage child behavior, impose norms and expectations, and connect with their children. For these reasons, family gatherings and social interactions during meals are important events in a child's life and have connections to the child's weight status and the growth of their eating patterns; relationships exist in all age groups among the frequency of household meals and nutritional consumption of food, being overweight, disturbed/disordered consuming practices, and psychosocial 4effect. Teenagers and children who participate in less family meals eat more unhealthy foods. Indeed, there is a link between having more family meals and eating more nutritious foods (such as vegetables, fruits, and calcium-rich foods). Parents also view family dinners as a time to develop engagement with their children and share their beliefs related to food and eating. It appears that viewing tv during family meals negates the benefits of regular shared meals. Parental influence

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21 The data collected on each have a significant influence on the nutrition of early children, and some disparities were observed when compared to mothers' feeding patterns. In general, fathers are less inclined to monitor and regulate their children's food intake. Pressuring youngsters to eat is a typical feeding influence. According to Khandpur et al., using too much supervision over a child's feeding disregards the child's independence. On the contrary, giving in to a child's food demands is also wrong because it may interfere with a child's ability to eat based on inner satiety and starvation cues. Both of these behaviors can contribute to overeating and excess weight gain. Conversely, responsive feeding procedures involve recognizing and responding appropriately to the child's needs. Children's Nutrition and Health: Overeating: This can result in obesity, which is linked to a number of health problems, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and mental health conditions. Despite consuming a high caloric intake, eating too much in bad meals can also lead to vitamin deficits. Undereating: This may result in immune system weakness, stunted growth, malnutrition, and developmental disabilities. Improper consumption of vital nutrients at periods of key growth can have long-term effects on a child's development, both mentally and physically Family Environment:

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22 Overeating: Families who use food as an a prize, promote poor eating habits, or have restricted access to nutrient-dense meals may be at blame for overeating. Another factor may be a lack of knowledge about balanced diet and portion control. Undereating: It can be difficult for families experiencing financial difficulties or food insecurity to give their kids a healthy, varied diet. Due to emotional or psychological reasons, undereating can also be a result of stressful situations and poor family dynamics. Influence of Mothers: Overeating: Moms who lead lazy lives or exhibit bad eating habits may encourage their kids to follow suit. A genetic ability to obesity may also be influenced by other variables. Undereating: Pregnancy-related maternal malnutrition can have a harmful effect on the health of the unborn child. Restricting one's own food consumption can unintentionally encourage children to follow suit. 4.9 Consider the effects of overeating or undereating. Being overweight refers to having an excess amount of body weight compared to what is considered healthy for a particular height and body type. It is typically determined by calculating a person's body mass index (BMI), which takes into account their weight and height. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is generally classified as overweight. However, it's important to note that BMI is just one measure and may not account for individual variations in muscle mass or other

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23 factors. If individuals have concerns about their weight, it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized guidance. Here are the effects of overeating: 1. Weight gain: Consuming more calories than the body needs can lead to weight gain and obesity. 2. Digestive discomfort: Overeating can cause bloating, indigestion, and acid reflux, making individuals feel uncomfortable. 3. Fatigue: The body has to work harder to digest the excess food, which can leave feeling tired and sluggish. 4. Increased risk of health issues: Overeating regularly can increase the risk of developing health problems like heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. 5. Poor nutrient intake: When individuals overeat, they may be filling up on unhealthy, calorie- dense foods, which can lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients. 6. Emotional impact: Overeating can sometimes be linked to emotional eating, which may temporarily provide comfort but can also lead to feelings of guilt or shame. 4.10 Review basic concepts regarding meal/menu planning and relate to provincial policies Meal/Menu Planning: Meal/menu planning is the process of deciding in advance what meals will be prepared and served over a specific period. It involves considering various factors such as nutritional needs, dietary preferences, available ingredients, and portion sizes. The goal is to create well-balanced, flavorful, and satisfying meals.

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24 Key Concepts: Nutritional Balance: Ensuring that meals provide a balanced combination of essential nutrients, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Variety: Incorporating a diverse range of foods to offer different flavors, textures, and nutritional benefits. Portion Control: Determining appropriate serving sizes to prevent overeating and promote healthy eating habits. Cost Considerations: Balancing nutritional needs with budget constraints to make meal planning practical and sustainable. Seasonality: Taking advantage of seasonal produce to enhance freshness, flavor, and cost- effectiveness Relating to Provincial Policies:

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25 Provincial policies play a crucial role in shaping meal/menu planning, especially in settings like schools, healthcare facilities, and public institutions. These policies are designed to promote health, safety, and well-being among the population. Relevance to Provincial Policies: Nutritional Guidelines: Provincial policies often establish nutritional standards that meal plans must adhere to, ensuring that they meet specific health criteria. Allergen Management: Policies may include guidelines for managing and disclosing allergens, addressing the needs of individuals with food allergies or intolerances. Food Safety Regulations: Ensuring compliance with food safety regulations to prevent foodborne illnesses and promote hygienic food preparation practices. Institutional Meal Standards: Establishing standards for meals served in institutions like schools or hospitals, focusing on nutritional content and dietary requirements. Community Health Initiatives:

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26 Supporting community health initiatives by promoting nutritious meal options and educating the public on healthy eating habits. Local Sourcing: Encouraging the use of locally sourced ingredients, aligning with policies that support sustainable and community-based food systems. By integrating meal/menu planning with provincial policies, communities can create food environments that prioritize health, safety, and the overall well-being of their residents. Compliance with these policies ensures that meals are not only delicious but also contribute to the broader goal of promoting public health and nutrition.

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27 References Little Angels (2021) 4 reasons why good nutrition is important to early childhood development: Little Angels, Little Angels | More Than Just Care. https://littleangelsyyc.com/4-reasons-why-good-nutrition-is-important-to-early-childhood- developement/#:~:text=NUTRIENT%2DRICH%20FOOD%20PROVIDES %20YOUR,bellies%20and%20energize%20their%20minds . Read "transforming the workforce for Children Birth through age 8: A https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/19401/chapter/8 Scaglioni, S. et al. (2018) Factors influencing children’s eating behaviours, Nutrients. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024598/ (2015, National Library of Medicine) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373582/ Measurement https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-u- s/measurement/#:~:text=Food%20insecurity%20is%20the%20li Food Insecurity in Early Childhood https://cssp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Food- Insecurity-Early-Childhood.pdf World Health Organization https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1 CDC https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/index.html

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28 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148967/ . https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=infant-feeding-guide-90-P02694 .

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