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Stone Academy *
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Course
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Subject
Health Science
Date
Jun 18, 2024
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rtf
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CHAPTER 12: NUTRITION DURING INFANCY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
How should infants’ meal times be scheduled?
a.
three times a day
c.
three meals, two snacks a day
b.
every two hours
d.
feed on demand
ANS: D
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Introduction
2.
By six months of age, a baby’s weight can _____.
a.
remain unchanged
c.
triple
b.
double
d.
quadruple
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Nutritional Requirements
3.
Burping helps prevent _____.
a.
gas
c.
air bubbles
b.
regurgitation
d.
gagging
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Bottle Feeding
4.
Infants under the age of 1 year should avoid regular cow’s milk because it _____.
a.
is harder to digest than the mother’s milk
b.
can cause gastrointestinal blood loss
c.
is harder for the kidneys to filter
d.
all of the above
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Bottle Feeding
5.
What may happen when a baby is regularly put to bed with a bottle in its mouth?
a.
tooth decay may result
b.
saliva increases and may cause choking
c.
the infant will reject breakfast
d.
gas and regurgitation
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Bottle Feeding
6.
With what microorganism can honey be contaminated?
a.
Salmonella
b.
E. coli
c.
C. perfringens
d.
C. botulinum
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Supplementary Foods
7.
What foods listed below should not be offered to babies?
a.
fruit juice
c.
bananas
b.
nuts
d.
chocolate
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Supplementary Foods
8.
What is the best food for a premature infant?
a.
whole milk
c.
2% milk
b.
breast milk
d.
infant formula
ANS: B
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Altered Nutritional Needs
9.
_____ is an inherited disease affecting the exocrine glands.
a.
Cystic fibrosis
c.
Diabetes
b.
Galactosemia
d.
HIV
ANS: A
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Altered Nutritional Needs
10.
What are some effects of untreated galactosemia?
a.
hypertension and deafness
c.
diarrhea, vomiting, and edema
b.
anemia and constipation
d.
hypertension, diarrhea, and vomiting
ANS: C
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
11.
What is the dietary recommendation for an infant with galactosemia?
a.
three cups of milk a day
b.
high-calorie dairy foods, e.g., ice cream and milk shakes
c.
elimination of milk from diet
d.
milk in moderation
ANS: C
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
12.
Which liver enzyme is missing in infants with phenylketonuria?
a.
phenylalanine hydroxylase
c.
phenylalanine ketonase
b.
phenylalanine hydrochlorase
d.
ketonase
ANS: A
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
13.
Congenital disabilities that prevent normal metabolism of specific nutrients are called _____.
a.
nutritional mutations
c.
failure to thrive
b.
amniocentesis
d.
inborn errors of metabolism
ANS: D
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
14.
Which disease is characterized by low weight for height, slow development of physical skills such as rolling over, sitting, and standing, and delayed social skills such as smiling or playing peek-a-boo?
a.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
c.
galactosemia
b.
maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
d.
failure to thrive
ANS: D
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
15.
It is recommended that infants up to 6 months of age have _____ of protein per kilogram of weight per
day.
a.
0.8 grams
c.
1.56 grams
b.
2.2 grams
d.
2.0 grams
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Nutritional Requirements
16.
Synthetic milk is commonly made from _____.
a.
rice
c.
both a and b
b.
soybeans
d.
none of the above
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
C
TOP:
Bottle Feeding
17.
Breast milk or formula should be the major food source for an infant until what age?
a.
4–6 months
c.
2 years
b.
1 year
d.
6–8 months
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Supplementary Foods
18.
_____ in _____ children in the United States are now considered overweight or obese.
a.
One in three
c.
One in four
b.
Three in five
d.
Two in five
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
C
TOP:
Supersize USA
19.
When introducing solid foods to an infant’s diet, _____ is usually introduced first.
a.
soft fruits
c.
finely ground meat
b.
pureed vegetables
d.
cereal
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Supplementary Foods
SHORT ANSWER
1.
What are outcomes that ensure that the infant is receiving sufficient nutrition and calories from breast-
feeding?
ANS:
There are six or more wet diapers a day. There are one or two mustard-colored bowel movements daily. The breast becomes less full during nursing.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Breastfeeding
2.
Describe correct positioning and burping techniques, with rationale, for feeding the infant.
ANS:
Cuddle and hold the infant in a semi-upright position during feeding. This positioning is believed to decrease the occurrence of middle ear infections. During and after the feeding, the infant should be positioned upright and burped to release gas in the stomach and to help prevent regurgitation.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Bottle Feeding
3.
State instructions for preparing formula for infant feeding.
ANS:
Serve at room temperature, or warmed. To warm the formula for feeding, place the bottle in a saucepan
of warm water or a bottle warmer. The bottles should be shaken occasionally to warm the contents evenly.
Do not use a microwave to warm the formula because the milk can heat unevenly and burn the infant’s mouth. The temperature of the milk can be tested by shaking a few drops on one’s wrist. The milk should feel lukewarm. Do not put the infant to bed with a bottle. That could cause tooth decay or protrusion of the upper teeth.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Bottle Feeding
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4.
An infant with galactosemia who is fed lactose-free formula will have all its nutritional needs met. As the infant grows to become an adult, what type of nutrient supplements will be needed?
ANS:
Calcium, vitamin D, and riboflavin
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
5.
Describe the type of disability called inborn errors of metabolism.
ANS:
These are congenital metabolic disabilities that infants may be born with. They prevent the normal metabolism of specific nutrients. This type of disability is caused by mutations in the genes. These disabilities may cause death at an early age, risk damage to the central nervous system, intellectually disabled, or retarded growth. Early diagnosis of these inborn errors, combined with diet therapy, increases the chances of preventing retardation. Hospitals test newborns for some of these disorders as a matter of course.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
6.
How is an infant’s readiness for solid foods demonstrated?
ANS:
Readiness for solid food is demonstrated by:
1) the physical ability to pull food into the mouth rather than pushing the tongue and food out of the mouth.
2) a willingness to participate in the process
3) the ability to sit up with support
4) having head and neck control
5) need for additional nutrients demonstrated by drinking more that 32 ounces of formula or nursing 8–10 times in 24 hours
6) infant is at least 4 months old
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Supplementary Foods
7.
Babies differ in the amount of food they eat from day to day. How will an infant let you know they are full?
ANS:
Babies will let you know they are full by:
Playing with the nipple on a bottle or breast
Looking around and no longer opening their mouth to solid food
Falling asleep while eating
Playing with food and not eating
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Supplementary Foods
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1.
It is preferable to feed an infant on a schedule
. _________________________
ANS:
F, on demand
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Introduction
2.
During the first year, the normal child needs half
as many calories per kilogram as the adult requirement. _________________________
ANS:
F, two to three times
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Nutritional Requirements
3.
Breast milk provides all the nutrients needed by the infant except iron
.
_________________________
ANS:
F, vitamin D
PTS:
1
DIF:
A
TOP:
Breastfeeding
4.
Babies differ in the amount
of food they eat from day to day. An infant will let you know when they are full. _________________________
ANS: T
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Nutritional Requirements
5.
Human milk supplies the infant with sufficient vitamin C. ________________________
ANS: T
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Nutritional Requirements
6.
Excessive amounts of vitamin A can damage the infant’s kidneys
. _______________________
ANS:
F, liver
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Nutritional Requirements
7.
Mother’s milk provides the infant with permanent
immunity to many infectious diseases. _____________________
ANS:
F, temporary
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Breastfeeding
CASE
Maryanne, a 23-year-old mother of two children, is at the clinic for their checkup. Zachary is 7 months
old and Lucia is 18 months old. Zachary weighed 8 lbs 4 oz at birth and now weighs 18 lbs. Lucia weighed 7 lbs 10 oz at birth and now weighs 20 lbs. When the nurse commented on the weight of both children, Maryanne said that she was small and petite like Lucia when she was a child.
Further discussion revealed that Maryanne was breast-feeding Lucia when she found out she was pregnant again. The pregnancy was confirmed when Lucia was 2 months old, and at that time she stopped breast-feeding. She had a difficult time converting Lucia to a bottle and she says she just began to feed her more solid food than the bottle. Lucia seems to be withdrawn from the situation. She is sitting quietly at a small table, virtually ignoring all of the activities in the room, and playing with an
infant rattle. Her mother says Lucia “…is the best baby because she plays for hours in her room by herself.” She says that at one time she was concerned because Lucia was so slow in learning to walk. “After she learned to walk at 16 months, she seemed to do much better and became more active.”
When Maryanne was questioned about her support system, she stated that her husband left when he found out she was pregnant with Zachary. Her parents are both dead and her only relative is an elderly aunt who is in a nursing home. She says she visits her aunt as much as she can with the two children.
1.
The physician has made a diagnosis of failure to thrive. The mother does not understand why the nurse
and the doctor are so concerned about Lucia’s weight. Tell Maryanne about the usual weight gain of infants.
ANS:
A baby doubles its birth weight by 6 months, and triples it by the end of the first year.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Nutritional Requirements
2.
What additional information does Maryanne need to know about solid food for infants?
ANS:
Introduction of solid foods should not begin before the age of 4 to 6 months.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Supplementary Foods
3.
What assessment data is most important?
ANS:
Weight, delayed walking, and her social withdrawal.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Care Planning
4.
How can you account for the underweight condition and the psychosocial withdrawal of Lucia?
ANS:
Failure to thrive causes delayed physical, mental, and social development due to malnutrition or a disturbance from maternal–child interaction.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Care Planning
5.
List three goals to be used for planning care for Lucia and her family.
ANS:
To correct nutritional deficiencies and achieve body weight for height and age. Educate caregiver regarding the child’s nutritional requirement. Restore mother–infant bonding and nurturing.
PTS:
1
DIF:
C
TOP:
Care Planning
6.
List nursing interventions that may be used to achieve nutritional goal attainment.
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ANS:
Select age-appropriate foods. Use acceptable carbohydrate additives. Multivitamin supplementation. Limit empty calorie sources and sweetened juices. Nonfat dry milk may be added to whole milk to increase caloric density. Maintain schedule for feeding.
PTS:
1
DIF:
C
TOP:
Care Planning
7.
What factors for Maryanne have contributed to Lucia’s failure to thrive?
ANS:
Loss of her husband. Second pregnancy too soon. Lack of any support system. Economical demands for single parent with two infants. Cessation of breast-feeding when Lucia was 2 months old. Inability of Lucia to take to the bottle. Introduction of solid foods too early. Lucia’s awareness of the new infant, who takes her mother’s time.
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Care Planning
8.
Is Lucia’s failure to thrive classified as organic or nonorganic? Why?
ANS:
Nonorganic, which means unrelated to disease and usually a result of psychosocial factors, such as inadequate nutritional information in a parent, disturbance in maternal-child attachment, or a deficiency in maternal care.
PTS:
1
DIF:
C
TOP:
Care Planning
Ms. Newby just delivered her first baby yesterday. As Ms. Newby is getting ready for her discharge today, the nurse tells her that she will need to bring her baby back to the outpatient lab tomorrow for his phenylketonuria (PKU) test. Please make the appropriate responses to Ms. Newby’s questions.
9.
Ms. Newby has asked you, “What is a PKU test?”
ANS:
“Phenylketonuria is a condition in which infants lack the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is necessary for the metabolism of an amino acid, phenylalanine. If the condition is present and is not treated, infants become hyperactive, begin seizures between 6 and 18 months, and become intellectually disabled.”
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders
10.
The mother asks you why they did not do the test as soon as the birth occurred, just to make sure it was
detected in time.
ANS:
“The infant has to have an amount of protein in the body, so that when it is broken down, the amino acid will not be metabolized. The protein comes from breast milk or formula.”
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Care Planning
11.
The PKU test was positive and the physician diagnosed the infant with PKU. Ms. Newby states, “If the
protein is only in milk products, it should not be too hard to watch the diet.”
ANS:
“Except for fats and sugars, there is some protein in all foods. Some of that protein is phenylalanine, so
the diet will need to be carefully planned for a growing infant and child.”
PTS:
1
DIF:
B
TOP:
Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders