Lab 11 Part 2

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Oklahoma State University *

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Geology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Laboratory Investigation 11 Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate PART 2 3. QUESTIONS 3.1 (L1) Which sediment is more porous, gravel or clay? (0.5 pt). Clay 3.2 (L2) Rank the following sediment deposits by their degree of permeability with 1 being the most permeable. (0.5 pt) Eolian sand (dune) 1 Alluvial gravel 3 Debris flow deposit composed of mixed sand, silt, clay, and gravel 4 Glacial clay 2 3.3 (L1) What is a confined aquifer? (0.5 pt) A layer of water in permeable rocks constrained by two impermeable rocks 3.4 (L1) What is an artesian well? (0.5 pt) Water from a confined aquifer that ascends by pressure through cracks and faults 3.5 (L1) List at least five possible sources of aquifer contamination (0.5 pt) Chemical pollution, salt intrusion,

GEOG 1114 Lab Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate 4. PRACTICE AND APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE Groundwater Flow The map of Figure 4.4.1 shows the water level contour lines indicating the elevation of the water table on a hillside confined by faults, a stream, and the ocean. Note that the topographic contours are not shown. Therefore, in this exercise we are not going to deal with depth, but with groundwater flow. Analyze the map and answer the questions below. Figure 4.1.1 Groundwater flow map showing water table (water level) contours. 4.1 (L2) If there is a leak of chemicals above point E, will the chemicals reach point A? Explain your answer. (1.5 pt) 19

GEOG 1114 Lab Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate 4.2 (L4) Using the equations in section 4.3, calculate the hydraulic gradient in ft/mile between points A and D. Estimate the distance using the scale of the map. (2 pts) 4.3 (L4) Calculate the groundwater velocity between A and D, knowing that the average flow of the aquifer is 142 ft/day and the average porosity of the rock is 6%. Show your work. (2 pts) Groundwater contamination Many gas stations use underground storage tanks (UST) to store fuel below the ground. These USTs can leak and gasoline could possibly reach the water table. In the area shown in map in the PowerPoint file ( Gas_stations.ppt ), gasoline residue has been detected in the groundwater. To assess the problem, a company has obtained the depth of the water table using a series of wells (Table 4.3). Now, using the knowledge you gained in the previous exercises, you will investigate the possible source of the leak. Table 4.3 Monitoring well Water table depth in feet 1 794 2 790 3 788 4 786 5 786 6 783 7 780 19

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GEOG 1114 Lab Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate 4.4 On the map below, trace the water table depth contours. Make the contours at 5 ft intervals (e.g., 780, 785, 790, 795). You can copy/paste this file into Paint or another editing software, then copy/paste the image back here. (1 pt) Based on your results on the map and your knowledge of groundwater flow, answer the following questions: 4.5 (L3) Which gas station is the most likely source of the leak? (1 pt) (A, B, or C) Explain why. 19

GEOG 1114 Lab Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate 4.6 (L3) Is the school ground likely to be at risk of contamination from the leak? (1 pt) (Yes, No). Explain why. 4.7 (L4) Is the church ground to be at risk of the same contamination from the leak? (1 pt) (Yes, No). Explain why. Monitoring aquifers Rapid land use change, whether it is agricultural, urban, or industrial, can have an impact on the depth of the water table. In this exercise, you will look at some well data from different aquifers in the United States and determine what causes the water table depth monitored in wells throughout several years. 4.8 (L3-4) For each graph on the following pages, read the various narratives for the locations. Using these “interviews” as context clues, explain why you think the curve for each underground well is shaped how it is, taking into consideration the probable land uses of each location. (6 pts, 2 pt for each location) 19

GEOG 1114 Lab Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate Location 1: Fayette County, Pennsylvania . “ Name’s Gary. My wife, Kelly, and I moved here on account of the coal mining job I got. Paid better than the farming we did back in Kansas. Kelly misses it sometimes, harvesting the wheat, but I don’t miss the sunburns. Not like we can even consider raising wheat or anything else here, with the mountains and all. Hate to admit it, but I kinda miss seeing them farms, since us farmers were all like a family after so long. We do like the change of pace for rain, though – we were getting tired of relying on unpredictable rain patterns for our income.” Explanation: Location 2: Thomas County, Kansas. 19

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GEOG 1114 Lab Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate “They just won’t listen to me. Ever since I joined the Clean Water Initiative, I’ve been trying to fight for the future for our kids to have clean drinking water, and those good-for- nothing politicians just won’t change anything! The farms around here are great, don’t get me wrong; heart of the USA, supplying food to the whole country. But we have to make changes! It’s even causing more and more earthquakes around here lately…” Explanation: Location 3: Sacramento County, California. “It’s scary when the fires happen! But it’s only in the summer when I’m trying to play with my friends. Maybe it’s because it never rains during the summer. But it sure does in winter when I’m out of school for winter break! Speaking of winter break, that’s my favorite time because Uncle Kyle comes to see me! He came over yesterday and was talking to mommy and daddy about his farm 19

GEOG 1114 Lab Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate up north. He said he’s still mad about the “rules” he has to follow for watering all his crops, but those rules almost 20 years old! That’s older than I am! Maybe if he hates the rules so much, he should just not follow them. Knowing Uncle Kyle, that’s probably what he does anyway.” Explanation: 19

Lab 11 Part 2

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