082_Kasodariya_Lab5

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University of Winnipeg *

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Geology

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Apr 3, 2024

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LAB 6 – GEOLOGY LAB Student Name: Dhruv Kasodariya Tutorial Section: 082 Student Number: 3156993 PURPOSE In this lab we will be exploring the basics of geology. We will go through the rock cycle and you will become familiar with rocks of each main type. We will then explore the geology of Manitoba, as we learn what is under our feet, and about the surface geology of our province. You will then learn a bit about mineral exploration and mining in our province. PART 1: ROCKS AND MINERALS 45 Marks 1. From the array of labeled rocks, A-O in the lab identify their rock type (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic), and a physical characteristic that led you to their identification. 2 marks each, Total 30 marks + 2 bonus Sample Rock type Characteristic A igneous Lava, dark B metamorphic Not layered, white gray C igneous No vesicles D metamorphic Layered and poliated E sedimentary Made up of variety clastic F sedimentary Coal, non-clastic G igneous Dark, layered, has vesicles H igneous Has vesicles I sedimentary Non-clastic J sedimentary Non-clastic K sedimentary layered L igneous Pine-grained M metamorphic Poliated N igneous Course-grained, no 1 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

vesicals O sedimentary Non-clastic BONUS sedimentary Non-clastic 2. From the array of samples which are not rocks but are actually minerals? 2 marks J,n 3. Mineralogy for Beginners! The physical properties of minerals can be tested using sample identification kits, which we will do below . (13 marks Total) a. Which one of these mineral would be the easiest to identify based on color alone? 1 mark e b. Streak test: what color does mineral D leave on the streak kit? 1 mark brown c. Which of these samples have a metallic luster? 2 marks h d. Based on the Mohs hardness scale, which mineral is the softest? 2 marks c e. Reaction test: which sample reacts to dilute acid? 3 marks i f. Based on their weight (how heavy they feel) Which of these rocks would have the greatest specific gravity (the most dense)? 2 marks H,i g. Using the magnet identify which mineral is magnetic 2 marks g,f PART 2: IGNEOUS ROCKS 9 Marks 1. Why are extrusive (lava) rocks sometimes full of vesicles (air bubbles)? 2 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

1 mark Extrusive or lava rocks are formed when molten magma erupts onto the Earth's surface and cools rapidly, forming solid rocks. During the rapid cooling, gases that were dissolved in the magma become trapped in the rock, creating air pockets or vesicles. These vesicles can be small or large, depending on the amount and type o f gases that were present in the magma at the time of the eruption. The size and shape of the vesicles can provide information about the volcanic activity that produced the rock, as well as the composition and temperature of the magma. 2. Is granite intrusive or extrusive? 2 marks intrusive a) How can you tell from the samples or images? From samples or images, we can determine if granite is intrusive or extrusive by looking at its texture and mineral composition. Granite has a coarse-grained texture, meaning that the individual mineral crystals are visible to the naked eye. The minerals in granite are typically visible as large, distinct crystals. This is a characteristic of an intrusive igneous rock, as the slow cooling of magma beneath the Earth's surface allows the minerals to grow to a relatively large size. Therefore, by examining the texture and mineral composition of a sample or image, we can determine if granite is intrusive or extrusive. 3. Is pumice intrusive or extrusive? 2 marks extrusive a) How can you tell from the sample or image? We can tell that pumice is an extrusive rock from its texture. Pumice has a very porous texture, full of small to large cavities or vesicles that are visible to the naked eye. These vesicles are formed by trapped gas bubbles in the lava that were rapidly cooled and solidified before the gas could escape. Pumice is also a felsic volcanic rock that contains a high percentage of silica, which is a characteristic of extrusive igneous rocks. In addition, pumice is usually a light-colored rock, ranging from white to grey, due to the presence of high amounts of silicates like feldspar and quartz. Therefore, by examining the 3 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

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texture, color, and mineral composition of a sample or image, we can determine that pumice is an extrusive igneous rock. 4. Is obsidian typically mafic or felsic and why might this be counterintuitive or unexpected? 2 marks Obsidian is typically a felsic volcanic rock, meaning it has a high content of silica, aluminum, potassium, and sodium, and relatively low amounts of iron, magnesium, and calcium. This may be counterintuitive or unexpected because obsidian has a glassy texture that lacks the visible mineral crystals typically associated with felsic rocks. The glassy texture of obsidian is a result of its extremely rapid cooling from a molten state, which does not allow enough time for mineral crystals to form. Mafic volcanic rocks, on the other hand, are typically dark- colored, fine-grained texture due to their rapid cooling on the Earth's surface. Therefore, while obsidian is felsic in composition, its glassy texture can make its mineral composition less obvious and potentially misleading to some observers. 5. Based on Bowen’s reaction series which igneous mineral forms at the highest temperatures within the magma and what compositional classification is it given? 2 marks Based on Bowen's reaction series, the mineral olivine forms at the highest temperatures within the magma. Olivine is a green, iron-magnesium silicate mineral that 4 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

forms at temperatures above 1200°C. As the magma cools, other minerals such as pyroxene and amphibole form at lower temperatures. Finally, feldspars and quartz form at the lowest temperatures. Olivine is typically found in ultramafic igneous rocks, such as peridotite and komatiite, which have a very low silica content and a high content of iron and magnesium. Therefore, olivine is associated with mafic or ultramafic compositions, which are characterized by high magnesium and iron content and low silica content. PART 3: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 9 marks 1. Name a clastic sedimentary rock and a characteristic that identifies it as such. 1 mark Sandstone / clastic texture, presence of sand-sized particles 2. Name a non-clastic sedimentary rock and a characteristic that identifies it as such. 1 mark Limestone/ fine-grained, homogeneous texture, biogenic or chemical origin. 3. Examine the hand sample or image of halite. Is halite considered a rock or mineral? What is its common name and chemical composition? 3 marks mineral / Common name: rock salt / chemical composition: NaCl 4. List two examples of non-clastic biogenic (organically formed) sedimentary rocks. 2 marks Chalk 5 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

Coal 5. What characteristic most readily identifies sedimentary rocks in the field? 1 mark The layering of sedimentary rocks is a key characteristic that can be readily identified in the field and can help geologists determine the history and environment of deposition for the rock. 6. Why are fossils only found in sedimentary rocks? 1 mark Fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks because sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediment and organic material that is deposited in layers. Fossils are the remains or traces of once-living organisms that become trapped and preserved within the sediment. PART 4: METAMORPHIC ROCKS 5 marks 1. Would metamorphic forms be more or less resistant to erosion than their “parent” rocks? 1 mark Metamorphic rocks are more resistant to erosion than their parent rocks because they are harder, more compact, and more resistant to weathering and erosion. 2. Give an example of a non-layered non-foliated rock and its 'parent' 2 marks Marble metamorphosed from limestone(dolomite) 6 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

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3. Under what geological circumstances would you typically find metamorphic rock? 2 marks Metamorphic rocks are typically formed under conditions of high temperature and pressure, which can occur in several geological circumstances. PART 4: EXPLORING THE GEOLOGY OF MANITOBA 19 marks 1. Use the Stratigraphic (Subsurface Geology) Map to answer the following questions. 6 marks a) If you drilled a hole about 200m below Winnipeg. Starting from when you hit solid rock, list the approximate depth and name of each layer, the main rock type within each layer, as well as their period of formation. Depth Name Main Rock Type Period of Formation 20 m / red river foundation / dolomite / Ordovician 120 m / Winnipeg foundation / sandstone / Ordovician 160 m/ igneous and metamorphic rocks / igneous and metamorphic rocks / Precambrian b) From Winnipeg, If you moved to the westernmost portion of the province and drilled a deeper hole (approx. 2km). How many distinct layers of rock would you hit? 31 1 mark c) Approximately how many of these layers are sedimentary? 30 1 mark 2. In which main rock type are you most likely to find fossil fuels? 1 mark Sedimentary rocks 3. Now look at the Geology of Manitoba Map to answer the following questions. a) In which part(s) of the province would you be most likely to find fossil fuels? 7 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

1 mark South-west i. Take a quick look at the Well Location Map ( Note: this is a larger scale map ). Is anything surprising/notable regarding the location of these wells and oilfields? 1 mark Huge sedimentary deposits b) Some of the most notable fossil specimens collected in Manitoba are from the Morden / Miami area. Tell me about the geology of this place. 2 mark Favel formation, minor limestone, various types of sedimentary deposits, shale i. From what geological period would these fossils be from? 1 mark Upper Cretaceous c) There is a very interesting geological formation at approx. 51.7°N, 98.5°W. Tell me a bit about it, and what you suppose happened here. 2 mark It is an impact crater which led to exposure of many different formations d) “Tyndall Stone” is quarried near Garson, and Tyndall, MB, just northeast of Winnipeg. Locate this area on your map. i. Based on the geology of this area, what type of rock do you suppose “Tyndall Stone” is and which minerals is it primarily comprised of? 2 mark It is an impact crater which led to exposure of many different formations ii. If you were to find fossils in this rock, which geological period would 8 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

they be from, and what would be their approximate age? 1 mark Upper Ordovician, 460 million years *** Hint: Tyndall Stone is the trademark name for a type of sedimentary rock. It is quite prolific in Manitoba architecture; you need only look as far as the Manitoba Legislative Building. To learn more, visit: http://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Tyndall- Stone.pdf TOTAL MARKS = 87 First one (purple)-21 Second one-100 Third-46 Winnipeg is 236 meters above _ 9 University of Winnipeg GEOG-1205L

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