GEOL-104 Midterm Exam-Spring 2024
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George Mason University *
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104
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Geology
Date
Apr 3, 2024
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GEOL-104 Midterm Exam The GEOL-104 Midterm Exam is scheduled and will be open today Tuesday, February 28
th
2024 and is due on Midnight (12:00am) on Wednesday, March 6
th
. The exam has a total value of 90 points and is open book so you are more than welcome to use your lab workbook, notes, and textbook from the class. During the exam you won't be using lockdown browser so feel free to use any relevant class and lab materials. Part I (3 points each; total of 60 points): 1) ________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. A) Sedimentary B) Indigenous C) Primary D)
Igneous 2) ________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. A) Secondary B) Igneous C) Metamorphic D)
Sedimentary 3) ________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments. A)
Weathering B) Lithification C) Subduction D) Metamorphism 4) In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes ________. A)
compaction and cementation B) cementation and weathering C) compaction and transportation D) crystallization and cooling 5) According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be transformed into another type of rock, given enough time. A)
True B) False 6)
Geologists use this principle to interpret the Earth’s past events and predict potential future events: A.
organic evolution B.
plate tectonics
C.
rock cycle D.
uniformitarianism 7)
The rock cycle implies A.
metamorphic rocks can only be derived from igneous rocks B.
metamorphic rocks are derived from magma C.
any rock type can be derived from any other rock type D.
igneous rocks come only from melting the mantle 8)
Which of the following rock types can be metamorphosed? A.
igneous rocks B.
metamorphic rocks C.
sedimentary rocks D.
All of the above 9)You observe a dark colored igneous rock with very fine crystals that are only
visible under magnification. What can you say about this rock? A. It cooled slowly in a magma chamber. B.
It cooled quickly in a magma chamber. C.
It cooled slowly on Earth’s surface. D.
D. It cooled quickly on Earth’s surface. 10)Most igneous rocks are classified by A. texture B. composition C. color D.
A and B 11)
The observation that in an undisturbed section of sedimentary rock the oldest is on the bottom and the youngest is on the top is A. the principle of cross-cutting relations B.
the principle of lateral continuity C.
the principle of inclusions D.
the principle of superposition 12)
If an igneous rock cuts across a sedimentary rock, we know that the igneous rock is A.
older than the sedimentary rock B.
younger than the sedimentary rock C.
the same age as the sedimentary rock D.
a minimum of 1.2 million years old 13)
The observation that sediment is deposited in essentially flat layers led to
A.
the principle of cross-cutting relations B.
the principle of lateral continuity C.
the principle of original horizontality D.
the principle of superposition 14)
The observation that sediment extends in all directions until it thins and pinches out or terminates at the edge of a sedimentary basin led to A.
the principle of cross-cutting relations B.
the principle of lateral continuity C.
the principle of original horizontality D.
the principle of superposition 15)
Which of the following rock types is easiest to date radiometrically? A.
igneous B. metamorphic C. minerals D. sedimentary 16)
If a sandstone contains fragments of an underlying granite, we can infer that A.
both the sandstone and the granite are the same age B.
the sandstone is younger than the granite C.
the relative age of the sandstone and granite cannot be determined D.
D. the granite intruded into the sandstone 17)
An erosional surface that separates strata that are parallel with one another is called a(n) A.
angular unconformity B.
disconformity C. nonconformity D. hiatus 18)
An erosional surface that separates tilted strata below from flat lying strata above is called a(n) A.
angular unconformity B. disconformity C. nonconformity D. hiatus 19)
An unconformity is a A.
lateral discontinuity in a rock layer B.
surface of discontinuity with significant missing geologic time in the Paleozoic C.
surface of discontinuity representing erosion or nondeposition D.
B and C only
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20)
An erosional surface that separates older metamorphic or igneous rocks from younger overlying sedimentary rocks is called a(n) A.
angular unconformity B. disconformity C. nonconformity D. hiatus Part II (total of 30 points): Use the relative dating figure to match the lithology of the cross section with the correct number in order to construct a columnar cross section. The dark bold line overlying the Sandstone is called “unconformity 1: older” and the dark bold line overlying the Arkose is called “unconformity 2: younger”, this will help you with your correlations. The number 1 belongs to the oldest layer and the number 10 belongs to the youngest layer. 1. Limestone.
2. Shale.
3. Sandstone.
4.
Granite intrusion.
5.
Unconformity 1 (Older).
6. Conglomerate.
7. Arkose.
8.
Basalt intrusion.
9.
Unconformity 2 (Younger).
10.
Alluvium.