Test III Review Questions
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Hillsborough Community College *
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Course
2010
Subject
Geology
Date
Apr 3, 2024
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1.
What
are
the
products
of
volcanic
eruptions? Ash, falls, pyroclastics flows, lava flow, and gas emission.
2.
How
do
columnar
joints
form? By cooling lava flows, ash-flow tuffs, and other bodies of magma or lava.
3.
Describe
a
pyroclastic
flow. a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases
.
What
type
of rock
is
formed
by
lithification
of
pyroclastic
flows? Lithified ash
is called “tuff.”
4.
Name
and
describe
the
different
type
of
pyroclcastics.
Pyroclasts are classified by size
and shape as follows: Ash: A pyroclast grain with a diameter less than 2 mm (0.08 inches). Lapilli: A pyroclast with a mean diameter between 2 and 64 mm (0.08 and 2.5 inches). Block: A pyroclast with a diameter greater than 64 mm (2.5 inches) and that has an angular shape.
5.
Name
the
gases
commonly
given
off
by
a
volcano. water vapor (H
2
O), followed by carbon dioxide (CO
2
), and sulfur dioxide (SO
2
).
6.
Where
are
pillow
lavas
found
? wherever lava is extruded underwater, such as along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges.
7.
Contrast
the
difference
in
felsic
and
mafic
lavas. Mafic lava produces basalt and is low
in silica content and high in dark and iron-rich mafic minerals like pyroxene. On
the other hand, felsic magma is higher in silica and produces
rhyolite
rock. Felsic magma contains light-colored minerals like orthoclase. Felsic rocks are lighter in color as compared to mafic rocks.
8.
Be
able
to
name
and
define
the
features
of
volcanoes
including
magma
chambers,
fissures,
vents,
and
craters. magma chamber
- this is where the molten rock is stored beneath the ground.
main vent
- this is the channel through which magma travels to reach the Earth’s surface.
secondary vent
- some magma may escape through the side of the volcano, particularly if the main vent becomes blocked.
Crater
- is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity.
Fissure
- also known as a
volcanic fissure
, eruption fissure, or simply a fissure,
is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts.
9.
What
is
a
caldera? a large volcanic crater, especially one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.
10.
What
is
a
flank
eruption? is
a volcanic eruption that occurs on the flanks of a volcano, instead of at its summit
.
11.
Describe
how
volcanoes
differ
in
size
and
shape. Volcanoes come in different sizes and shapes. The overall size of a volcano is determined by the total volume of lava that has erupted. The shape of a volcano is largely determined by the type
of lava that has erupted, and importantly, its viscosity.
Olga Vega
12.
Explain
the
different
eruptive
styles
of
volcanoes. eruptions can be
explosive
, sending ash, gas, and lava high up into the atmosphere, or the magma can form lava flows, known as effusive
eruptions.
13.
Describe
the
type
of
eruption
found
in
Hawaii.
What
are
some
of
the
unique
features? Hawaiian-style eruptions are
non-explosive eruptions of gusher-like lava fountains that generate red-hot lava rivers of very fluid basaltic lavas
. Hawaiian
eruptions are typical for shield volcanoes, where eruptions occur at the summit and at fissure vents.
14.
Contrast
the
three
types
of
subaerial
volcanoes. There are three main types:
shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cones.
15.
Describe
the
eruption
of
Mt.
St.
Helen’s
. Its eruption types were Phreatic, Plinian, and
Pelean. The landslide depressurized the volcano's magma system and triggered powerful explosions
. Rocks, ash, volcanic gas, and steam were blasted upward and outward. 16.
Where
is
Olympus
Mons
located?
What
type
of
volcano
is
it? Olympus Mons sits on the
equatorial region of the planet Mars. It’s a
shield volcano.
17.
Why
did
Iceland
form? Iceland formed
by the coincidence of the spreading boundary of the North American and Eurasian plates and a hotspot or mantle plume
– an upsurge of abnormally hot rock in the Earth´s mantle. As the plates moved apart, excessive eruptions of lava constructed volcanoes and filled rift valleys.
18.
What
are
the hazards
to
humans
from
volcanoes? lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and landslides or debris avalanches
. Volcanic activity also produces hazards that can affect areas far from the volcano, such as tephra or ash falls, releases of gas, and tsunamis.
19.
What
tools
are
used
to
monitor
volcanoes? Researchers use
seismic monitors
to track the many small tremors that occur around a volcano and tiltmeters and strainmeters
measure subtle changes in ground slope and shape at volcanoes.
20.
What
is
the
geologic
setting
for
volcanic
activity? constructive plate boundaries
, destructive plate boundaries, and hot spots.
21.
Be
able
to
name
and
describe
the
motion
of
different
types
of
faults. There are four types of faulting --
normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique
. A normal fault is one in which the rocks above the fault plane, or hanging wall, move down relative to the rocks below the fault plane, or footwall. A reverse fault is one in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
22.
How
does
a
fault
exhibit
stick-slip
behavior? when a fault exhibits velocity-weakening behavior, meaning friction decreases with increasing velocity.
23.
What
is
the elastic
strain
on
a
fault? When two sides of a moving fault get stuck, the movement "stretches" the earth's crust around the stuck area. This stretching is called strain.
24.
What
are
foreshocks?
Aftershocks? Foreshocks are the energy release and ground shaking before an earthquake and aftershocks are the energy release and ground shaking after an earthquake
.
25.
What
instrument
measures
earthquakes? A seismograph or seismometer
26.
Give
the
difference
between
epicenter
and
focus. The epicenter is the location on the
surface of the Earth directly above where the earthquake starts.
Focus (aka Hypocenter) is the location on the Earth where the earthquake starts
.
27.
Describe
the
scales
used
to
measure
earthquakes.
How
are
they
different? the
moment magnitude scale, which measures magnitude (M), or size, and the Modified Mercalli scale, which measures intensity
.
28.
Describe
the
different
types
of
seismic
waves,
how
they
move,
and
how
they
are
used
to
interpret
the
earth’s
interior. P waves can travel through liquid and solids and gases, while S waves only travel through solids
. Scientists use this information to help them determine the
structure of Earth
.
29.
What
is
fault
creep? Also known as aseismic creep, is measurable surface displacement along a fault in the absence of notable earthquakes. Aseismic creep may also occur as an "after-slip" days to years after an earthquake.
30.
Geographically
(on
a
map)
where
do
most
earthquakes
occur? at the
circum-
Pacific
seismic belt found
along the rim of the Pacific Ocean
.
31.
Geologically
(plate
tectonics)
where
do
earthquakes
occur? Earthquakes occur
along fault lines, cracks in Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet
. They occur where plates are
subducting
, spreading, slipping, or colliding. As the plates grind together, they get stuck, and pressure builds up.
32.
What
are
intraplate
earthquakes?
Give
examples. are earthquakes that occur in the interiors of the lithospheric plates.
Examples of intraplate earthquakes include those in Mineral, Virginia, in 2011 (estimated magnitude 5.8), Newcastle, New South Wales in 1989, New Madrid in 1811 and 1812 (estimated magnitude as high as 8.6), the Boston (Cape Ann) earthquake of 1755 (estimated magnitude 6.0 to 6.3)
33.
What
are
some
effects
of
earthquakes? What
are
the
hazards?
ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, fissures, avalanches, fires and tsunamis
. 34.
What
is
liquefaction?
turning loosely packed, water-saturated soil to liquid How
does
it
affect
structures? Liquefied soil loses its density and ultimately the ability to support roads, buried pipes, and, of course, houses
.
35.
What
is
a
tsunami?
Describe
the
effects. Tsunamis are
giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea
. Most tsunami damage and destruction are caused by
flooding, wave impacts, erosion, strong currents, and
floating debris
36.
Contrast
the
differences
between
short-term
and
long-term
earthquake
prediction. Short-
term predictions focus on immediate warnings, while long-term predictions estimate the likelihood of earthquakes occurring within several years or decades.
37.
Why
is
geologic
time
important? Because portrays the history of the Earth
a standard timeline is used to describe the age of rocks and fossils and the events that formed them.
38.
What
is
deep
time? geological time or cosmic time, in other words: billions of years.
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39.
What
were
the
discoveries
of
Steno?
the Earth's crust contains a chronological history of geologic events, and that the history may be deciphered by careful study of the strata and fossils
. Hutton? how soils were formed by the weathering of rocks and how layers of sediment accumulated on Earth's surface.
40.
Contrast
relative
and
numerical
time. Relative Time: sequence of events without consideration of amount of time
. Numerical Time: (sometimes called "absolute time"), dates or durations of events in terms of seconds, years, millions of years, etc.
41.
What
is
uniformitarianism? the theory that changes in the earth's crust
during geological
history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
42.
What
is
original
horizonality? Lateral
continuity? Baked
contacts? Inclusions? Cross-cutting
relationships? How
is
each
used
in
age
dating?
Be
able
to
determine
relative
age
using
each.
original horizonality
- refers to the original rock layers that lie horizontally
to each other. As scientists know that the oldest rocks formed will be on the bottom, relative dating can determine the surrounding rock ages
. lateral continuity
- tells us that sediment initially extends laterally in all directions and is laterally continuous when they are first laid down. Rocks that are otherwise similar but that are separated by a valley or other erosional feature can be assumed to be of the same origin and the same age.
baked contact
- refers to the phenomenon of magma heating the rocks it touches as it cools into igneous rock. Any rock surrounding an igneous rock that contains these heat markings must be older than igneous rock as it had to be present as the magma was cooling.
inclusions
- states that any rock fragments that are included in the rock must be older than the rock in which
they are included. For example, a xenolith in an igneous rock or a clast in sedimentary rock must be older than the rock that includes it.
Cross-cutting relationships
- state that any geological feature that cuts across or disrupts another feature must be younger than the feature that is disrupted.
43.
What
is
fossil
succession?
How
is
it
used
in
age
dating? Evolution has produced a succession of unique fossils that correlate to the units of the geologic time scale
. Assemblages of fossils contained in
strata
are unique to the time they lived and can be used to correlate rocks of the same age across a wide geographic distribution.
44.
What
are
the
different
types
of
unconformities?
Explain
how
each
is
used
in
age
dating.
Be
able
to
determine
relative
age
using
unconformities. Nonconformity: develops where sediments are deposited on top of an eroded surface of igneous or metamorphic rocks. Paraconformity: strata on either side of the unconformity are parallel, there is little apparent erosion. Angular unconformity: strata is deposited on tilted and eroded layers (such as at Siccar Point)
45.
What
is
stratigraphic
correlation?
How
is
it
used
in
age
dating?
Be
able
to
determine
relative
age
using
stratigraphic
correlation. is a tool for identifying strata units and
subsequent flow units and it determines the equivalence of age or stratigraphic position (position in a vertical sequence of
rock layers) of strata in different areas.
46.
What
are
geologic
maps?
Why
are
the
colors
important? special-purpose maps made to show
various geological features and their colors are important because they delineate the distribution of various rocks (stratigraphy, lithology) and other features.
47.
What
is
the
geologic
time
scale?
Know
the
major
divisions. it is what divides up the history of the earth based on life forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of the planet. Its major divisions are from longest to shortest:
eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
48.
How
is
radioactive
decay
used
in
age
dating? By measuring the number of unstable atoms left in a rock and comparing it to the number of stable daughter atoms in the rock, scientists can estimate the amount of time that has passed since that rock formed.
49.
What
is
a
half-life?
How
does
it
determine
age? is the length of time after which there is a 50% chance that an atom will have undergone nuclear decay. It determines age by multiplying the number of half-lives that have passed by the
half-life decay constant of the parent atom.
50.
What
is
dendrochronology?
How
is
it
used
to
determine
age? the science that assigns accurate calendar dates to the yearly growth rings produced by trees and determines age by
comparing the tree-ring pattern of samples with unknown dates to known samples from the same geographical area
.
51.
What
is
magnetostratigraphy?
How
is
it
used
to
determine
age? a technique that uses the record of the polarity reversals of the Earth's magnetic field registered in sedimentary and/or volcanic rocks as a correlation and dating tool and determines age by identification in the stratigraphic record of magnetozones, which can be correlated to age equivalent.
52.
What
is
energy?
the ability to do work or produce change
. What
is
fuel? any substance that can provide heat and produce energy when it is burned
.
53.
What
are
the
five
fundamental
sources
of
energy
on
Earth? Solar energy from the sun, Geothermal energy from heat inside the earth, Wind energy, Biomass from plants, and Hydropower from flowing water.
54.
Describe
fossil
fuels
and
give
their
importance
to
society.
How
do
they
form?
What
is
the
oil
window? fossil fuels are all Hydrocarbons, they are compounds formed from only two elements, Carbon and Hydrogen. They are important because We depend on those fuels
to heat our homes, run our vehicles, power industry and manufacturing, and provide us with electricity
. They formed over millions of years as heat and pressure from layers of sediment changed the decayed organic remains. The oil window refers to
the depth or maturity range within which a source rock generates and expels liquid petroleum
.
55.
What
are
the
different
types
of
hydrocarbons? aliphatic and aromatic.
56.
How
did
most
oil
and
gas
form? They formed underground, over several to tens of millions of years, from prehistoric organisms decomposed by high subterranean
heat and microorganisms
.
57.
Describe
nuclear
fission
and
its
usage. In nuclear fission,
atoms are split apart, which releases energy
. All nuclear power plants use nuclear fission, and most nuclear power plants use uranium atoms. During nuclear fission, a neutron collides with a uranium atom and splits it, releasing a large amount of energy in
the form of heat and radiation.
58.
What
are
the
different
oil
traps
and
seals?
Why
are
those
needed? 59.
Which
types
of
rock
are
good
reservoir
rocks?
Jurassic limestones and sandstones
Source
rocks? shales or limestones (sedimentary rocks)
.
60.
What
is
permeability?
a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids
. Porosity? is a measure of the void spaces in a material
.
61.
Do
you
find
oil
and
gas
in
the
same
well? Yes, most oil wells produce at least a little gas, and vice versa.
62.
Describe
the
techniques
used
in
oil
and
gas
exploration. The primary 3 are Geophysical, Remote Sensing, and Wildcatting.
63.
Where
are
most
of
the
world’s
oil
reserves?
in the
Middle East.
Why
in
those
areas? Because they are in the great Arabian Iranian basin.
64.
Describe
the
use
of
tar
sands,
gas
hydrates,
and
oil
shale. Both materials can be converted into synthetic crude oil through different processes; tar sands can be
refined directly into petroleum products in some cases.
65.
What
is
coal?
How
did
it
form? coal is a fossil fuel, and it forms as the plants die, they sank to the bottom of the swamps. Over the years, thick layers of plants were covered by dirt and water. They were packed down by the weight. After a long time, the heat and pressure changed the plants into coal
.
66.
What
gas
is
given
off
by
the
burning
of
coal? Carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
67.
Where
are
most
of
the
world’s
coal
reserves?
When
and
how
was
most
deposited? Most of the world’s coal reserves are in the US and they were deposited there millions of years ago. Coal contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy forests.
Layers of dirt and rock covered the plants over millions of years. The resulting pressure and heat turned the plants into the substance we call coal
.
68.
How
is
coal
extracted? In surface mining,
large machines remove the topsoil and
layers of rock known as overburden to expose coal seams
. Mountaintop removal is a form of surface mining where the tops of mountains are removed to access coal seams.
69.
What
is
uranium
and
how
is
it
used
in
power
generation? is
the fuel most widely used by nuclear plants for nuclear fission. During nuclear fission, a neutron collides with a uranium atom and splits it, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation
and this is how power is generated.
70.
What
are
the
challenges
of
a
nuclear
power
plant? Improper storage and disposal of nuclear waste, radioactive sources like uranium, decompose into harmful
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elements, and any accidental leakage of radiation causes havoc and destruction to life and property in the vicinity of the plant.
71.
What
is
the
difference
between
renewable
and
nonrenewable
energy? renewable resources can naturally replenish themselves while nonrenewable resources cannot.
72.
What
are
biofuels? liquid fuels produced from renewable biological sources, including plants and algae
.
73.
Describe
geothermal
energy
and
its
usage. is the heat produced deep in the Earth's core and can be harnessed for use as heat and electricity.
74.
Describe
hydroelectric
energy
and
its
usage. is a renewable source of energy that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river or other body of water. It is used for electricity generation.
75.
Describe
solar
energy
and
its
usage. is
a renewable, inexhaustible, and affordable form of energy
. It can be used to cook food, heat water, and generate electricity.
76.
What
was
the
oil
crunch?
What
could
that
mean
for
the
future? the oil crunch was the embargo that ceased U.S. imports from participating OAPEC nations. That means a sudden rise in the price of oil that is often accompanied by decreased supply
.
77.
Describe
some
environmental
issues
associated
with
fossil
fuels
. Air pollution, water pollution,
plastic pollution, and oil pollution.