Assignment 2

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1P92

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) ERSC 1P92 – EXTREME EARTH – ASSIGNMENT 2 ASSIGNMENT DUE BY FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2023 Preamble: In this assignment we will broadly cover topics relevant to modules three and four of the ERSC 1P92 course. Please answer all questions before entering your answers in the Quizzes tool in Brightspace. You will have only one opportunity to submit your answers in the Quizzes tool. Points per question are given in brackets (x). Part A of the assignment will be related to recent Earthquake events that have occurred and plate tectonic boundaries. Part B of the assignment will involve readings related to Earthquake events in the past as well as in Canada. Work through the assignment, then, when you have it complete, go to the Quizzes tab in Brightspace to enter your answers and submit the assignment. Rules and guidelines for assignments are in your course syllabus . As always with online tools, save your work frequently while entering answers. Assignment Questions 1-58 REMINDER! Please answer all questions before entering your answers under the Quizzes section in Brightspace. PART A A list of actual earthquakes that have occurred worldwide from July 1-28, 2023 are provided for you on a separate data sheet posted in the Brightspace Assignment tool. You can find the location of the earthquakes by clicking on the location site, or if you’d like to get an ‘overall’ picture of the earthquake event locations you can plot the locations yourself on the World Plate boundary map provided. Please note! You do not need to plot the earthquake locations as part of this Assignment! The World plate boundary map is ONLY provided as an assistance if NEEDED! Hints for plotting : In order to PLOT an earthquake event, you will need to use the Latitude and Longitude information provided. Lines of Latitude appear horizontal (“ side to side” ) and are measured as degrees north (N) or south (S) of the equator (the equator is 0°). Longitude lines run vertically (“up and down”) and measure the degrees East (E) or West (W) of the Prime Meridian (0° runs through Greenwich, England). A sample plot of a theoretical Shallow depth earthquake at 60 deg W and 45 deg N has been plotted for you on the map. The Earthquake events that have been provided on the separate data sheet (from July 1-28, 2023 ), can be assigned a ‘’depth code’’ according to the DEPTH

2 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) (km) below the Earth’s surface that each one occurred. Using the following criteria: Shallow earthquakes = 0-70 km Intermediate depth earthquakes = 71- 300 km Deep earthquakes = >(greater than) 301 km depth Questions 1-24 =(0.25 mks per event = 6 mks total) QUESTION 1) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 1 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 2) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 2 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 3) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 3 A ) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 4) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 4 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 5) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 5 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 6) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 6 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 7) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 7 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 8) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 8 A ) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 9) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 9 A) Shallow B ) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 10) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 10 A ) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 11) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 11 A ) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 12) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 12 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 13) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 13 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 14) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 14 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep

3 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) QUESTION 15) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 15 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 16) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 16 A) Shallow B ) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 17) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 17 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 18) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 18 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 19) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 19 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 20) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 20 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 21) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 21 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 22) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 22 A ) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 23) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 23 A) S hallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 24) Assign a ‘’Depth’’ code to Earthquake event 24 A) Shallow B) Intermediate C) Deep QUESTION 25) Which statement is correct – relating to the Earthquake events 1-24 from July 1-28, 2023. (1 mk) A) Shallow depth events are most common, followed by “Deep” depth; the Intermediate depth events are least common. B) Shallow depth events are most common, followed by Intermediate depth; the ‘’Deep’’ depth events are least common C) Intermediate depth events are most common, followed by “Deep” depth events, then “ Shallow ’’ depth events are least common . D) Deep depth events are most common, followed by Shallow depth events, then Intermediate depth events are least common. E) There are the same number of Shallow, Intermediate and Deep depth earthquake events. The following questions (26-30) relate to the Location of the Earthquake events July 1 - 28, 2023 . Use the information provided in Module 3.3, the additional PDF posted on the Assignm ent tab “ Plate tectonic boundaries on maps” AND “ Map of Earth ’ s tectonic plates and approximate direction of movement ” as well as the link provided below as a resource. (5 mks total, 1 mk/event)

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4 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html#anchor19309449 QUESTION 26) What type of Plate tectonic “boundary is found near the location of Earthquake Event 3? A. Divergent B. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Oceanic Crust) C. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Continental Crust) D. Convergent (Continental crust – Continental Crust) E . Transform Fault QUESTION 27) What type of Plate tectonic “boundary is found near the location o f Earthquake Event 14? A. Divergent B. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Oceanic Crust) C. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Continental Crust) D. Convergent (Continental crust – Continental Crust) E . Transform Fault QUESTION 28) What type of Plate tectonic “boundary is found n ear the location of Earthquake Event 20? A. Divergent B. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Oceanic Crust) C. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Continental Crust) D. Convergent (Continental crust – Continental Crust) E . Transform Fault QUESTION 29) What type of Plate tectonic “b oundary is found near the location of Earthquake Event 21? A. Divergent B. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Oceanic Crust) C. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Continental Crust) D. Convergent (Continental crust – Continental Crust) E . Transform Fault QUESTION 30) What type o f Plate tectonic “boundary is found near the location of Earthquake Event 24? A. Divergent B. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Oceanic Crust) C. Convergent (Oceanic crust – Continental Crust) D. Convergent (Continental crust – Continental Crust) E . Transform Fault QUESTION 31) Which Earthquake event number of this assignment is most likely associated with the movement of the Juan de Fuca plate? (1 mk) (type in the number ONLY ie. 1) QUESTION 32) Which Earthquake event number of this assignment is most likely associated with the movement of the Scotia plate? (1 mk) (type in the number ONLY ie. 1) QUESTION 33) Which Earthquake event number is most likely associated with the East African Rift Valley? (1 mk) (Hint use the following sites for reference to learn more about the East African Rift Valley) (n.d.). Retrieved from https://geology.com/articles/east -africa-rift.shtml (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley (type in the number ONLY ie. 1)

5 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) QUESTION 34) What type of Plate tectonic boundary is associated with the East African Rift valley? (1 mk) A. Divergent B. Convergent C. Transform Fault Use the following Map below with points X, Y and Z labelled to Answer Questions 35 – 37. In addition use the “ Map of Earth ’ s tectonic plates and approximate direction of movement ” provided in the Assignments tool. Match the plotted point (ie. X, Y and Z) to the geographic location on the “ Map of Earth ’ s tectonic plates and approximate direction of movement ” and answer which direction the ‘tectonic plate’ is moving at that given point. QUESTION 35) The LETTER marked ‘ X ” on the Plate Boundary map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘X’ ): (1 mk) A)  B)  C)  D) → E)  F)  G) 

6 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) H)  QUESTION 36) The LETTER marked ‘ Y ” on the Plate Boundary map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘Y’ ): (1 mk) A)  B)  C)  D) → E)  F)  G)  H)  QUESTION 37) The LETTER marked ‘ Z ” on the Plate Boundary map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘Z’ ): (1 mk) a.  b.  c.  d. → e.  f.  g.  h.  QUESTION 38) Which of the following ‘’vacation holidays/destinations’’ would you recommend to friends and/or family as being the LEAST likely to experience an Earthquake? (Hint: use the data from earthquake events provided July 1-28, 2023 ) (1 mk) A) A cruise with stops in the Caribbean islands B) A surfing trip to Hawaii C) A historical trip to Greece D) A Shopping trip to California E) A beach vacation in Fiji F) A trip to Sweden to see the Northern lights In Module 4.5 we learn about Seismic Gaps which “are regions where earthquakes do not take place with the frequency and/or magnitude that is expected for a given tectonic setting” . A Seismic Gap has been identified along the Central Himalaya

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7 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) region. The map below shows the area with earthquake epicenters mapped from 2019 through 2023. QUESTION 39) Which ‘zone’ (coloured rectangular area) is the likely area of the seismic gap? (1 mk) A) Green zone A B) Red zone B C) Purple zone C D) Blue zone D E) Orange zone E Part B In the second part of Assignment 2 we will investigate some powerful earthquakes that have been recorded worldwide recently and in the past decades and review the seismic situation in Canada. Background information can be found in Modules 3 and 4 as well as in the links provided. The Great Alaska Earthquake 1964 On March 27th, 1964 a magnitude 9.2 earthquake was recorded in Alaska. It is the largest earthquake to have occurred in US history and the second largest earthquake to have ever been recorded The following websites are provided as reference for answering questions 43-45 relating to the Alaska 1964 Earthquake. (n.d.). Retrieved from

8 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/alaska1964/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_A._M._Schmidt QUESTION 40) The Alaska 1964 earthquake was measured as a “M 9.2 ” - What Earthquake measurement scale is referred to in this measurement? (1 mk) A) Rossi-Forel Scale B) Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale C) Richter Scale D) Torino Scale E) Moment Magnitude Scale QUESTION 41) The area where the Alaska 1964 earthquake occurred when a Fault ruptured. Name the two tectonic plates responsible for the earthquake (in alphabetical order!)? (2 mk) (Type in the name of the tectonic plate – spelling counts! Use the following website as reference for proper spelling (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates (If you do not type your answers in alphabetical order then they will be marked incorrectly!) PLATE PLATE QUESTION 42) The Alaska 1964 earthquake occurred as a result of movement on the Aleutian Megathrust fault. The Fault is a : (1 mk) A) Normal Fault B) Reverse Fault C) Thrust Fault D) Dip-Slip Fault E) Strike-Slip Fault QUESTION 43) The 1964 Alaska earthquake was felt at a magnitude of IX in the town of Valdez. Using information provided at the USGS website (Below) explain how the area around Valdez, Alaska was (specifically) affected by the Earthquake using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale found on the Wikipedia page below. (Note: the scale on the Wikipedia page includes categories XI AND XII which are usually merged on the USGS version of the Mercalli scale): (1 mk) (n.d.). Retrieved from

9 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#cite_note- comparison-18 A. Felt by all, many frightened. B. Considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures C. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. D. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. E. Damage is total. Objects are thrown up in the air F. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. G. Buildings are shifted off foundations. Liquefaction occurs. QUESTION 44) The 1964 Alaska earthquake also resulted in the following natural disasters. (1 mk) A) Liquefaction B) Tsunami C) Landslides D) Fires E) All of the above F) Only A) and B), G) Only A), B), D) H) None of the above QUESTION 45) The town of Valdez, Alaska was basically destroyed by a series of events as a result of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake and the location the town was built. Using the website provided as a resource, put the following events in the correct order from 1 (First event to occur) to 6 (Last event to occur). (3 mks) (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/1964-alaska- earthquake EVENT ORDER OF OCCURRENCE Tsunami 1 (First event) Town built on a delta of sand and gravel 2 Soil liquefaction 3 Fire (triggered by ruptured oil tanks) 4 Earthquake occurs 5 Delta slump (landslide) 6 (Last event)

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10 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) QUESTION 46) Alaska is still tectonically active, for example, experiencing earthquake(s) even in the past few months? (1 mk) TRUE FALSE 2023 Marrakesh-Safi Earthquake At the beginning of the fall term a magnitude 6.8-6.9 earthquake occurred in Morocco on September 8 th . To date this earthquake has resulted in the second largest loss of life due to an earthquake this year (2023). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Marrakesh%E2%80%93Safi_earthquake QUESTION 47) Based on the seismogram below from the 2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake, which line represents the P wave arrival time and which wave represents the S-wave arrival time? (See module 4.1 and 4.2 for more information. Module 4.2 has an example of a seismogram) (2 mk) Matching type question: A orange line; B purple line MATCH WITH P wave arrival time; S wave arrival time

11 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) QUESTION 48) Explain in point form (in your own words) why the buildings in Morocco where affected by the Marrakesh – Safi 2023 earthquake. In addition, state whether you believe building codes are important in earthquake prone areas (For full marks, make sure to back up your statements with an example and/or evidence).(2 mks). (Copy and paste the following and write your answers in point form beside the statements below) Reason for building collapse in Morocco: (1 mk): Explain in your own words whether you believe building codes are important in earthquake prone areas (1 mk): Articles for reference: (n.d.). Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/morocco-earthquake-experts-explain-why-buildings- couldnt-withstand-the-force-of-the-6-8-magnitude-quake-213245 (n.d.). Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/moroccos-earthquake-wasnt-unexpected-building-codes- must-plan-for-them-213220 (n.d.). Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/what-caused-moroccos-earthquake-a-geologist-studying- the-atlas-mountains-explains-213221 (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2263036995773 (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2262578243511 Earthquakes in Canada The following questions (49-58) are based on a paper published by Cassidy, J. F., Rogers, G.C., Lamontagne, M.,Halchuk, S., and Adams, J. 2010. Canada’s Earthquakes: ‘The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly’. Geoscience Canada. 31. 1. https://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/historic- historique/GeoScienceCanada2010_Cassidyetal.pdf QUESTION 49) Based on Figure 1. (Map of Earthquakes with magnitude >/= 2.5 in Canada)on page 2 from Cassidy et. al. (2010) which province/territory is MOST likely to experience an Earthquake. (1 mk) A) British Columbia

12 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) B) Nova Scotia C) Nunavut D) Manitoba E) Alberta F) Ontario G) New Brunswick H) Saskatchewan I) Newfoundland and Labrador QUESTION 50) Causes of Earthquakes in Canada (Which of the following statements is INCORRECT) (1 mk) A) Canada Experiences approximately 4000 earthquakes each year B) The Largest earthquakes occur along the West coast of Canada C) The Earthquakes in Eastern Canada can be found in relation to the St. Lawrence River. D) The central Craton of Canada is very unstable with multiple faults and earthquakes in this region E) Earthquakes that occur in the Labrador Sea are associated with the breakup of the supercontinent of Pangea. QUESTION 51) Canadian operated Earthquake Monitoring networks include the POLARIS network and the GSC network. (1 mk) TRUE FALSE QUESTION 52) The first earthquake reported in Canada occured in the southeastern end of Georgian Bay, ON (“prior to 1637”). We are aware that this earthquake occurred because of (1 mk) A) The POLARIS earthquake monitoring network B) Huron oral traditions C) Journal entries by Captain George Vancouver D) Seismometer and seismograph measurements E) All of the above QUESTION 53) The 1929 Earthquake of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland triggered a tsunami. What was the cause of tsunami? (1 mk) A) The displacement of fault blocks in a megathrust earthquake B) An Underwater volcanic eruption C) An Underwater Landslide (or slump of material) D) An Asteroid/comet impact in ocean E) None of the Above QUESTION 54) Liquefaction was associated with the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake, including extensive damage to the wharf?

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13 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) TRUE FALSE QUESTION 55) Some of the efforts that Canada has in place to reduce future Earthquake losses include: (1 mk) A) Implementing building codes so that structures will be designed to resist moderate earthquakes. B) Produce Seismic hazard maps and update them regularly C) Conduct Subduction zone studies using GPS, marine mapping and paleoseismological studies D) Produce crustal models to understand seismic wave propagation and earthquake shaking in various geological settings E) All of the above The following questions relate to the Location of the Earthquake events July 1-28, 2023 QUESTION 56) Based on the Earthquake events list from July 1-28, 2023 which Major Tectonic zone (See Figure 2 MAP in Cassidy et. al. (2010)) is Event #1 located? (1 mk) A) Cascadia Subduction Zone (along the Queen Charlotte Fault) B) Cordilleran Orogen C) Plains D) Craton E) Grenville F) Appalachian Orogen QUESTION 57) Based on the Earthquake events list from July 1-28, 2023 which Major Tectonic zone (See Figure 2 MAP in Cassidy et. al. (2010)) is Event #4 located? (1 mk) A) Cascadia Subduction Zone B) Cordilleran Orogen C) Plains D) Craton E) Grenville F) Appalachian Orogen QUESTION 58) Based on the Earthquake events list from July 1-28, 2023 which Major Tectonic zone (See Figure 2 MAP in Cassidy et. al. (2010)) is Event #15 located? (1 mk) A) Cascadia Subduction Zone B) Cordilleran Orogen C) Plains

14 ERSC 1P92 (EXTREME EARTH) – ASSIGNMENT 2 (enter answers in Quizzes tool) D) Craton E) Grenville F) Appalachian Orogen ASSIGNMENT DUE BY FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 10 TH AT 11:59 PM IN QUIZZES TOOL

Assignment 2

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