Volcano Lab

Name: _______________________________ Throughout history, volcanoes have displayed enormous destructive fury and power, and they continue to do so in present times. Eruptions can change weather patterns, disrupt climate, cause widespread human suffering, and in the past, mass extinctions. Volcanoes represent complex geological systems capable of generating many dangerous phenomena. Today, about 500 million people live in regions of the world that directly subject them to volcanic risk ( Auker et al., 2013 ). Even modest eruptions, such as the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, have made multibillion-dollar global impacts through disruption of air traffic. The 2014 steam explosion at Mount Ontake, Japan killed 57 people without any magma reaching the surface. Although known to spew clouds of hot ash, streams of molten lava, and even generate tornadoes of fire, volcanoes can also be constructive. Volcanic ash, dust, and rocks provide important nutrients for soil, making them fertile. Volcanoes can also be harnessed for its ability to produce renewable power from natural thermal energy. It is clear that volcanic risk assessment and management are important scientific, economic, and political concerns, especially in densely populated areas. To evaluate and manage volcanic risks in our lives, we first must learn and understand the basic characteristics of volcanoes. In this lab, you will be describing and identifying common volcano types, relating volcano styles with tectonic settings, geographic location, and potential volcanic hazards. Some common misconceptions about volcanoes: By the end of this lab, you will have achieved these learning goals :  All volcanoes have tall peaks and large craters at the summit.  Volcanoes only occur in warm areas.  Volcanoes are randomly located across the earth’s surface.  There is no pattern to volcano formation.  Volcanoes are only found on land.  Volcanoes only erupt straight up through the top vent.  All volcanoes erupt violently.  Discuss the major types of volcanic landforms, how they are formed and modified, and typical physical characteristics.  Be able to explain what determines the shape, size, slope, and level of explosivity of a volcano.  Understand the type of tectonic boundaries and geographic settings that produce certain types of volcanoes.  List types of geologic hazards associated with different types of volcanic eruptions.  Name at least three famous volcanoes. Deliverables Word document Excel sheet (for Part 2, question 8) A satellite image of New Zealand's White Island on Dec. 11, 2019, three days after the volcano erupted. (Image credit: Satellite image ©2019 Maxar Technologies) Volcano Lab Activity Types of volcanoes, tectonic settings, and hazards

Part 1: Review It is highly recommended that you review the Google Earth tutorial video and written guide under Additional Resources on iCollege before starting the lab assignment. Begin the Volcanos Lab Google Earth tour ! Make sure you are in mode and remain so for the entire tour. Answer the following questions. Short videos available in the right-hand information box on Slide 2 and will help you to answer this first part. You will not be using the map until Part 2. 1. Watch Video 1 and explain in your own words why volcanism occurs in subduction zones. Volcanism occurs in subduction zones because when continental crust crashes into oceanic crust the oceanic crust goes underneath the continental crust causing an upward tilt. 2. Watch Video 1 and explain in your own words the mechanism that creates volcanoes at “hot spots” and rifts. Magma rises between the spaces of the plates at rifts which creates volcanos. At hot spots magma rises between the crystal fractures which creates volcanos. 3. Watch Video 2 and determine why some volcanoes have a shield/dome shape while some have a cone shape. Dome shaped volcanos have low-viscosity with cone shaped volcanos have high-viscosity 4. Watch Video 3 and state the reasons for why some volcanoes experience effusive (gentle) eruptions and why some experience explosive eruptions? Some volcanos experience effusive eruptions due to their low-viscosity and the ease of the escape of gas. Other volcanos may experience more explosive eruptions due to gas getting trapped in the magma. 5. Watch Video 4 and determine the most dangerous hazards associated with volcanoes. Provide a brief explanation. Volcanos have a lot more hazards than hot lava. Some of the other hazards of volcanos include toxic noxious gas and avalanches. The noxious gas the volcano produces can be deadly to anyone who inhales them. Avalanches are a deadly hazard that occurs when the ground is shaken after a volcanic eruption. 2 GEOL 1121K Volcano Lab Activity

Descabezado Grande of central Chile Navigate to Slide 5 a) Use your cursor, and the ruler tool when needed, to find the size and shape of the volcano by filling in the spaces, below. You will need to exit out of “Present” mode to use the ruler (press ESC or click the back button at the upper left corner). To find elevation values, you can point your cursor on specific parts of the volcano in the map and read the elevation values (seen in bottom right corner of the status bar, it is the unit value to the RIGHT of the coordinates. If it does not pop up, you need to zoom in a little more); you can also use the provided elevation profile image (in the photo gallery) to obtain some of these values. Note that these values are approximate and should be generally close to actual values reported by online resources. Record YOUR approximations:  Maximum height (elevation) of the volcano above sea level: _____ 3500 ___________ meters  Base elevation of the volcano: _____ 3953 ___________ meters  Relief (maximum elevation – base elevation) = _____ 453 ___________ meters total height  Base width: ______ 1150 __________ meters.  Average slope of volcano ((relief ÷ ½width)*100%): ___ 79 ____ % b) Describe the overall shape of Descabezado. The shape of this mountain falls between a cone and a shield shape formation due to its slope Then, fill out this table based on your observations from Google Earth and from online research. You may refer to the tables under Additional Resources for some help. Magma Composition Rock Type Flow Rate Silica Content Viscosity Explosiveness felsic tuff low high high Highly explosive c) What type of volcano is this, based on size, shape, and composition? Stratovolcano d) Describe the major geologic hazards in the surrounding region associated with this volcano. Pyroclastic flow, lava flows, landslides, and lahars. e) Zoom out and examine the region. Describe the likely tectonic setting of the volcanoes of the Andes mountains (crust types and relative motion). Hint: is there a deep ocean trench to the west of the mountains? It is convergent oceanic and continent boundary f) When was the last eruption? Is this volcano considered active, dormant, or extinct? ( Slide 3 may be helpful) June 1933. Dormant 4 GEOL 1121K Volcano Lab Activity

Mt. St. Helens in southern Washington, USA Navigate to Slide 6 a) Use your cursor, and the ruler tool when needed, to find the size and shape of the volcano by filling in the spaces, below. You will need to exit out of “Present” mode to use the ruler (press ESC or click the back button at the upper left corner). To find elevation values, you can point your cursor on specific parts of the volcano in the map and read the elevation values (seen in bottom right corner of the status bar, it is the unit value to the RIGHT of the coordinates. If it does not pop up, you need to zoom in a little more); you can also use the provided elevation profile image (in the photo gallery) to obtain some of these values. Note that these values are approximate and should be generally close to actual values reported by online resources. Record YOUR approximations:  Maximum height (elevation) of the volcano above sea level: _____ 2530 ___________ meters  Base elevation of the volcano: ______ 1416 __________ meters  Relief (maximum elevation – base elevation) = ______ 1114 __________ meters total height  Base width: _____ 5709 ___________ meters.  Average slope of volcano ((relief ÷ ½width)*100%): __ 39 _____ % b) Describe the overall shape of Mt. St. Helens: Cone shaped Then, fill out this table based on your observations from Google Earth and from online research. You may refer to the tables under Additional Resources for some help. Magma Composition Rock Type Flow Rate Silica Content Viscosity Explosiveness mafic basalt high low low Non-explosive c) What type of volcano is this, based on size, shape, and composition? Stratovolcano d) Describe the major geologic hazards in the surrounding region associated with this volcano. Pyroclastic flow, lava flows, landslides, and lahars. e) Zoom out and examine the region. Are there any other volcanoes nearby? Describe the likely tectonic setting of the volcanoes of the Cascade Range. Support your answer with observations on the major tectonic landforms of the region. There are no other volcanos nearby. In the region there is a Juan de Fuca setting for a tectonic plate. f) When was the last eruption? Is this volcano considered active, dormant, or extinct? ( Slide 3 may be helpful) July. 2008. Still active. 5 GEOL 1121K Volcano Lab Activity

Mt. Fuji, Japan Navigate to Slide 8 a) Use your cursor, and the ruler tool when needed, to find the size and shape of the volcano by filling in the spaces, below. You will need to exit out of “Present” mode to use the ruler (press ESC or click the back button at the upper left corner). To find elevation values, you can point your cursor on specific parts of the volcano in the map and read the elevation values (seen in bottom right corner of the status bar, it is the unit value to the RIGHT of the coordinates. If it does not pop up, you need to zoom in a little more); you can also use the provided elevation profile image (in the photo gallery) to obtain some of these values. Note that these values are approximate and should be generally close to actual values reported by online resources. Record YOUR approximations:  Maximum height (elevation) of the volcano above sea level: _______ 3730 _________ meters  Base elevation of the volcano: _____ 1480 ___________ meters  Relief (maximum elevation – base elevation) = ______ 2250 __________ meters total height  Base width: _____ 8933 ___________ meters.  Average slope of volcano ((relief ÷ ½width)*100%): ___ 50.4 ____ % b) Describe the overall shape of Mt. Fuji: Cone shaped Then, fill out this table based on your observations from Google Earth and from online research. You may refer to the tables under Additional Resources for some help. Magma Composition Rock Type Flow Rate Silica Content Viscosity Explosiveness Mafic basalt high low low Non-explosive c) What type of volcano is this, based on size, shape, and composition? Stratovolcano d) Describe the major geologic hazards associated with this volcano. The volcano has been inactive for centuries. However, there is still the hazards of lava flow and landslides e) Zoom out and examine the region. Describe the likely tectonic setting of the volcanoes in Japanese region. Support your answer with observations on the major tectonic landforms of the region. A continental convergent boundary surrounds the tectonic plate f) When was the last eruption? Is this volcano considered active, dormant, or extinct? ( Slide 3 may be helpful) December 16, 1707. Dormant 7 GEOL 1121K Volcano Lab Activity

Mt. Alayta, Ethiopia Navigate to Slide 9 a) Use your cursor, and the ruler tool when needed, to find the size and shape of the volcano by filling in the spaces, below. You will need to exit out of “Present” mode to use the ruler (press ESC or click the back button at the upper left corner). To find elevation values, you can point your cursor on specific parts of the volcano in the map and read the elevation values (seen in bottom right corner of the status bar, it is the unit value to the RIGHT of the coordinates. If it does not pop up, you need to zoom in a little more); you can also use the provided elevation profile image (in the photo gallery) to obtain some of these values. Note that these values are approximate and should be generally close to actual values reported by online resources. Record YOUR approximations:  Maximum height (elevation) of the volcano above sea level: _______ 1500 _________ meters  Base elevation of the volcano: _____ 1380 ___________ meters  Relief (maximum elevation – base elevation) = ______ 120 __________ meters total height  Base width: ______ 560 __________ meters.  Average slope of volcano ((relief ÷ ½width)*100%): ___ 52 ____ % b) Describe the overall shape of Mt. Alayta: It is steep but flat Then, fill out this table based on your observations from Google Earth and from online research. You may refer to the tables under Additional Resources for some help. Magma Composition Rock Type Flow Rate Silica Content Viscosity Explosiveness mafic basalt high low low Non-explosive c) What type of volcano is this, based on size, shape, and composition? Shield volcano d) Describe the major geologic hazards in the surrounding region associated with this volcano. The volcano is inactive. However, there is still the hazards of lava flow and landslides e) Zoom out and examine the region. Describe the likely tectonic setting of the volcanoes in the region (crust type and motion). Support your answer with observations on the major tectonic landforms of the region. It is on the border between African Tectonic plate and the Arabian Tectonic plate. Convergent boundary f) When was the last eruption? Is this volcano considered active, dormant, or extinct? ( Slide 3 may be helpful) In 1915. It’s inactive 8 GEOL 1121K Volcano Lab Activity

Plot your measured values onto the separate Excel sheet provided. For width, convert your values from meters to kilometers. For composition, convert the names to numbers (Mafic = 1, Intermediate = 2, Felsic = 3). The four graphs will automatically fill in when the table is complete. This will be your second deliverable . --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Summarize volcano type/composition relationships. 3. Go back to your answers for each volcano examined. Use your observations, Excel chart results, and interpretations to complete the following statements. Use the tables under Additional Resources for appropriate terms.  Shield volcanoes usually have a __ low dome ___________ shape, ___ low ______ slope, and a _____ mafic ________ composition. The magma has a __ high ______ volume flow rate with _____ low ______ viscosity. It likely has ____ less ______ silica content. Shield volcanoes typically erupt with ____ less ______ explosivity. The most common hazard(s) are ______ pollution __________. The most common rock type(s) formed here is/are _____ basalt ____________. Shield volcanoes commonly form in these tectonic settings: ___ divergent plate boundaries _____________.  Composite volcanoes usually have a ___ conical __________ shape, ____ steep _____ slope, and a _____ felsic ________ composition. The magma has a ___ less _____ volume flow rate with ____ low _______ viscosity. It likely has ____ high ______ silica content. Compositive volcanoes typically erupt with ____ high ______ explosivity. The most common hazard(s) are _______ land slide _________. The most common rock type(s) formed here are _________ granite ________. The most common tectonic setting of composite volcanoes is/are at ____ convergent plate ____________ boundaries.  Caldera volcanoes usually have a _____ circular ________ shape, ___ steep ______ slope, and a _____ intermediate ________ composition. The magma has a _ high _______ volume flow rate with _____ high ______ viscosity. It likely has ___ high _______ silica content. Caldera volcanoes typically erupt with ___ high _______ explosivity. The most common hazard(s) are ___ highly explosive _____________. The most common rock type(s) formed here are ______ volcanic ___________. Caldera volcanoes commonly form in these tectonic settings: ____ convergent plate boundary ____________. 10 GEOL 1121K Volcano Lab Activity