LAB 8 EARTHOUAKE LOCATION WORKSHEET
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Course
1030
Subject
Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
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6
Uploaded by CountStarNarwhal43
—'
’
Dale:_,{flé/vzj
LAB
8:
EARTHQUAKE
LOCATION
WORKSHEET
GEOLOGY
1030
S
Name:
<
7
-
L.
Adevice
that
records
seismic
waves
moving
through
rock
is
called
2
aSMma
1ol
2.
The
printed
record
of
a
seismic
eventis
a_
N\
SYY)(OCU@R
M
3.
The
location
on
Earth’s
surface
directly
above
the
focus
is
calléd
the
\
!
(%
4.
The
first
wave
to
arrive
at
a
selsmograph
station
is
always
the
wave.
5.
The
second
wave
to
arrive
at
a
seismograph
station
is
always
the
wave.
On
June
14™
of
2015
an
earthquake
occurred
in
the
map
region
shown
in
Figure
1
below.
Seismograph
stations
located
in
the
cities
of
Carrier,
OK,
Marlow,
OK,
and
Bolivar
MO
(blue
dots
on
the
map)
recorded
ground
movements
caused
by
this
earthquake.
Figure
1:
Map
depicting
three
seismograph
stations
(Carrier,
Marlow,
and
Bolivar)
located
in
Oklahoma
and
Missouri, USA.
Source:
Joyce
McBeth
(2018)
CC
BY
4.0,
after
Randa
Harris
(2015).
~
«
Bolivar
/
\\
Kansas
Oklahoma
|
M5V
Catrier
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Arkansas
)
ahorna
City
)i
t
Mprlow
|
o
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e
miles
400
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600
L10
um
Figures
2
through
4
below
show
the
actual
seismograms
recorded
at
each
of
these
three
seismograph
stations
following
this
earthquake.
Each
figure
has
three
different
seismograms
because
each
station
recorded
ground
movement
along
three
different
axes
simultaneously.
Figure
2:
Seismogram
readings
from
Carrier,
Oklahoma.
Source:
USGS
(2015)
public
domain,
source
webpage:
hnps://eanhquake,usgs
gov/
ols
egin
Time:
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(s)
Figure
3:
Seismogram
readings
from
Marlow,
Oklahoma.
Source:
USGS
(2015)
public
domain,
source
webpage:
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/
Seismogram
Begin
Time:
2015-06-14
18:17:21
GMT
Smith
Ranch,
Marlow,
OK,
USA
Station
L
Latitade
34.60
N,
Longitude
97.83
W
Time
(s)
00
500
1000,
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
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Figure
4;
Seismogram
readings
from
Bolivar,
Missouri.
Source:
USGS
(2015)
public
domain,
source
webpage:
bttps://earthquake.
u
S8s.R0V/
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RIRIRIE
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0
Study
Figures
2
through
4
to
determine
the
time
when
the
Primary
(P)
and
Secondary
(S)
waves
first
arrived
for
each
station.
To
identify
the
P
and
S
waves,
look
for
a
pattern
change
as
the
amplitude
of
the
lines
gets
bigger;
this
indicates
the
arrival
of
each
of
the
waves.
It
doesn’t
matter
which
of
the
three
seismograms
you
choose
to
read
for
each
figure
because
the
arrival
times
will
be
the
same
on
each
axis.
Write
the
arrival
times
for
the
P-Waves
and
S-
Waves
at
each
station
in
the
first
two
columns
of
the
Table
1
below.
Then
use
the
time
scale
in
seconds
on
the
seismographs
to
determine
the
time
difference
between
the
P
and
S
wave
first
arrivals
at
each
station.
Write
the
differences
in
the
third
column
of
the
table
below.
Table
1:
Wave
arrivals
and
distance
to
epicenter
data
Station
P-Wave
Arrival
S-Wave
Arrival
Difference
Between
P-and
|
Distance
to
Epicenter
Time
(S)
Time
(S)
S-
Wave
Arrival
Time
(S)
From
Station
(Km)
Carrier,
OK
|6
m
Q\'m
V)
\%
!\
Marlow,
OK
\%
.
00
41:
(X)
g
M
\
SO
\J\YY\)
Bolivar,
MO
m
A
(x_j
wfi—
3*\
/?
:
;;Cl()
¥\m
e
Next,
use
the
difference
between
the
P-
and
S-
wave
first
arrivals
and
Figure
5
to
determine
the
distance
to
the
epicenter
from
each
station.
Make
sure
that
you
use
the
curve
for
the
difference
between
the
S
and
P
wave
first
arrival
times
(S-P).
Find
the
difference
between
the
S
and
P
first
arrival
times
in
seconds
on
the
y-axis,
draw
a
line
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90
80
70
60
Time
(seconds)
20
Seismic
Wave
Arrival
Time
Chart
"
S-wave
]
P-wave
100
200
300
400
500
600
Distance
(kilometers)
over
to
the
S-P
curve
at
the
same
time,
then
draw
a
line
down
to
the
x-
axis
to
determine
the
distance.
Add
the
distance
value
to
the
fourth
column
of
Table
1.
Figure
5:
A
travel-time
graph
that
includes
the
arrival
of
P-waves
and
S-waves.
Note
that
these
curves
plot
distance
versus
time
and
are
calculated
based
on
the
fact
that
the
Earth
is
a
sphere.
Curves
vary
with
the
depth
of
earthquake
because
waves
behave
differently
(i.e.
their
velocities
change)
with
depth
and
change
in
material.
This
particular
curve
is
used
for
shallow
earthquakes
(<20
km
deep)
with
stations
within
800
km.
The
S-P
curve
refers
to
the
difference
in
time
between
the
arrival
of
the
P-wave
and
S-wave.
If
you
noted
on
your
seismogram
that
the
P-
wave
arrived
at
10
seconds,
and
the
S-wave
arrived
at
30
seconds,
the
difference
between
arrival
times
would
be
20
seconds.
You
would
read
the
20
seconds
off
the
y-axis
above
to
the
S-P
line,
then
drop
down
to
determine
the
distance
to
the
epicenter.
In
this
case,
it
would
be
approximately
200
kilometers.
Source:
Bunds
e
20
SR
BY-SA
3.0
view
source
Next,
you
will
draw
circles
on
the
map
in
Figure
1
to
represent
the
distance
of
the
earthquake
epicenter
from
each
station.
Use
a
drafting
compass
to
draw
the
circles.
If
you
don’t
have
a
compass,
you
can
draw
the
circles
with
a
string
tied
to
a
pencil.
You
can
also
draw
circles
with
software
if
you
are
working
on
a
digital
document.
Figure
1
includes
a
legend
in
kilometers.
For
each
station,
note
the
distance
to
the
epicenter.
Measure
the
scale on
the
map
in
centimeters
and
convert
your
distances
in
kilometers
to
centimeters
(e.g.,
if
the
map’s
scale
of
100
km
=
2.1
cm
on
your
ruler,
and
you had
a
measured
distance
from
one
station
of
400
km,
that
would
equal
8.4
cm
on
your
ruler). For
this
fictional
example,
you
would
use
a
drafting
compass
to
make
a
circle
around
the
station
that
is
8.4
cm
in
radius
(from
the
centre
to
the
edge).
Create
a
circle
for
each
of
the
three
stations,
using
their
different
distances
to
the
epicenter.
They
should
overlap
(or
nearly
overlap)
in
one
location.
The
location
where
they
overlap
is
the
approximate
epicenter
of
the
earthquake.
Draw
an
arrow
pointing
to
the
position
of
the
epicenter
and
label
it
EC.
Table
2
contains
data
showing
the
number
of
fracking
wells
in
the
state
of
Oklahoma
and
the
number
of
significant
earthquakes
(magnitude
3
or
greater)
that
have
occurred
between
2000
and
2015.
Plot
the
information
in
Table
2
on
the
graph
provided
in
Figure
6.
Note
the
graph
has
two
y-axes,
one
for
the
number
of
fracking
wells
and
the
other
for
the
number
of
earthquakes.
Plot
a
line
for
each
set
of
data
on
the
graph,
using
the
appropriate
y
axis
for
each
set
of
data.
Table
2:
Numbers
of
fracking
wells
and
earthquakes
ocurring
in
selected
years
Year
|
Number
of
Fracking
Wells
in
Oklahoma
Number
of
Earthquakes
Greater
Than
M3
in
Oklahoma
2000
0
0
2001
0
0
2002
0
3
2003
0
0
2004
0
2
2005
0
1
2006
0
2
2007
0
1
2008
1
2
2009
4
20
2010
1
43
2011
637
63
2012
1568
34
2013
1939
109
2014
3296
585
2015
1749
850
Figure
6:
Seismcity
vs
Fracked
Wells
in
Oklahoma
Seismicity
vs
Fracked
Wells
in
Oklahoma
#
of
fracked
wells
#
of
earthquakes
M3
or
greater
Referring
to
Figure
6:
6.
What
year
does
the
number
of
magnitude
3
or
greater
earthquakes
begin
to
rise
significantly?
30\
7.
What
year
does
the
number
of
fracking
wells
rise
significantly?
80
|\
8.
Based
on
the
graph
that
you
constructed,
do
significant
earthquakes
and
the
number
of
fracking
wells
appear
to
be
related?
\}
QS
This
exercise
was
adapted
from
Deline
B,
Harris
R,
&
Tefend
K.
(2015)
“Laboratory
Manual
for
Introductory
Geology”.
First
Edition.
Chapter
13
“Earthquakes”
by
Randa
Harris,
CC
BY-SA
4.0.
View
Source.
o
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