Kilauea Volcano: Key Questions and Facts for Study

Kilauea PowerPoint Questions: Directions: After you answer the following questions, save a copy for reference and then delete the questions but not your answers! This will speed up the grading process. 1. What are the 5 Hawaiian shield volcanoes? Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea 2. What is Hawaii’s largest shield volcano? Mauna Loa 3. The geological cause of Hawaiian volcanism is: ______________________. (one word) Earthquakes 4. What causes the Hawaiian islands and seamounts to form straight lines? The Pacific plate is moving 4 inches per year over this hotspot which leaves a straight line of volcanoes and seamounts. 5. What happens to the age of the islands and seamounts as they progress towards the west (left)? They get progressively older 6. What is the difference between a crater and a caldera? The caldera is larger and less round 7. In slide #4, what is causing the superheated steam to rise from the summit vent? A lava lake filled the summit vent

8. What causes three of Hawaii’s shield volcanoes to have 2 rifts rather than the classic 3 rifts? The rifts on an isolated shield volcano form a triangular pattern as gravity pulls the volcano apart. 9. What causes rifts to tear apart shield volcanoes? _________________ (one word) Gravity 10. What type of smaller volcano is found on the Hawaii shield rift zones? _____________________________ Kohala 11. According to slide #6, what are the names of Kilauea’s 2 rift zones? East and Southwest rift zone 12. What 2 towns on the map in Slide #6 are covered in lava? Check the key in the bottom right. Kapoho and Kalapana 13. Where is most of the magma underneath Kilauea stored? Magma chamber 14. What is it about the structure of the rifts that allows them to channel so much magma? The rifts are just huge cracks in the volcano that provide easy conduits for magma to flow.

15. How deep down in the mantle is the source of Kilauea’s magma? 60km 16. Which zone number on the map of Slide #8 is the most dangerous to build a home? Zone 1 17. About what percentage of Hawaii’s main island has been covered in lava flows over the last 220 years? 20% 18. Hawaii is made entirely of volcanoes. So why is it so rare that anyone is injured or killed by these volcanoes? With all the careful monitoring of the volcanoes, there is usually time to evacuate residents and many active lava flows have been tourist attractions. 19. Which cinder cone produced most of the lava flows from 1983-2018? Pu’u’O’o 20. How did Pu’u’O’o’ deliver most of its lava to the ocean? ___________________________ A system of lava tubes to carry its lava underground to the ocean. 21. How large are lava tubes? Size of a subway tunnel 22. When the roof of a lava tube collapses, you can see into the underground lava river. What is the name of the collapse? _________________________

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Skylight 23. Which is steep-sided: a cinder cone or a shield volcano?______________________ Cinder cone volcano 24. Cinder cones are limited to about 1,000 ft. tall. What prevents them from growing taller? Hint: the same issue limits sand dunes to under 1,000ft tall. gravity 25. What was the tourist attraction in the Kilauea crater until 2018? The Kilauea summit had a lava lake with fluctuating lava levels. 26. What is the geological hazard for buying a house in Leilani Estates? It sits directly on the east rift zone and is prone to volcanic eruptions which is why residents need to buy volcanic insurance. 27. What is the southeast district of Hawaii called? Puna 28. If you bought a house in Leilani Estates, what volcanic hazards might you see (even when there is no active eruption)? People have steam vents, lava tubes, and small cinder cones in their yards. 29. Why aren’t there any lakes, rivers, or streams in Puna? The ground is loaded with so many rifts, tubes, and pits that the rain just disappears underground.

30. What was the first sign of trouble in early May 2018 that something was wrong? See the picture. Cracks run in a straight line through the subdivision like on the roads. 31. What caused the large mirror on the woman’s sliding doors to pulsate? A liquid moved deeper under her house. 32. What 2 things came out of the cracks in the ground on the next day? Neighborhoods reported some of the cracks began to release steam mixed with a strong sulfur odor. Also, an eruption started in someone's backyard a violent jetting of lava into the air. 33. What sounded like a jet engine on May 3 rd in the neighborhood? The eruption of lava into the air in someone's backyard. 34. What caused the first lava that erupted to be more viscous (thicker) and explosive? Geologists determined that it was left over from previous eruptions going back as far as the 1800s. Also the higher the silica content, the more explosive the eruption. As well as lava also gets thicker as it cools and that also contributes to the explosiveness. 35. What caused the lava to erupt in a straight narrow line through the neighborhood? The lava was erupting from the rift zone which tends to run straight. 36. What was the main hazard to residents who chose to stay in their houses about 1 mile from the eruption? The sulfur gases blew their way causing a volcanic fog called vog.

37. Why did the people continue to golf at the Kilauea golf course during the eruption? Hawaii is not regarded as a dangerous volcano 38. Aa lava is painful to walk across even with boots on. Describe aa lava. aa lava is called pahoehoe lava and it moves forward by extruding fingers from the flow front. This lava is much easier to walk on and it creates lava tubes. The outer surface is covered in volcanic glass, which is crunchy to walk on. 39. How does AA lava get all that rubble underneath the flow? Aa lava creates a rubble layer ahead of it and then moves over this layer like a rolling tank. 40. Which basalt lava type is easy to walk on after it cools? AA basalt lava type 41. Why does it sound like walking on potato chips after the lava cools? Crunchy 42. How thick were some of the lava flows that covered neighborhoods? 50 ft 43. Slide #27, looking at the photo: what causes cinder to form? Most of the lava erupted out of one vent which created a cinder cone. 44. After all of the older, viscous lava erupted, what type of lava followed? A hotter fresher batch of basalt 45. Why isn’t Stacy Welch fearful for her life as she is shown sitting in her backyard?

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Pele's hair and super light volcanic froth in her yard. 46. After Fissure #8 built a cinder cone, what came out of it that caused huge destruction? A huge river of lava 47. What causes volcanoes to explode? When it is venting a lot of dissolved gases 48. What two dangers could affect the men standing near the river of lava if the wind changed direction and blew towards them? Intense heat or volcanic gases. 49. How fast is the river of lava flowing towards the ocean? About 15mph 50. Which beautiful vacation town was 100% destroyed by the lava flows? Kapoho 51. What danger does very thick lava pose years after the eruption stops? Hint: former residents were frying eggs to demonstrate this. It takes centuries to revegetate because plants require soil so the basalt has to break down first. 52. How did hundreds of homes end up being intact but impossible to reach by car? The eruption has ended but some people's homes are now on islands surrounded by cooled lava.

53. What killed all of the vegetation in the photo of the happy couple returning to their home? Sulfur gases 54. In slide #36, what is causing the perfectly linear line of steam vents? The steam vents did not produce lava at the surface. 55. Some residents return to their homes very close to that line of steam vents but they had to abandon their homes a few months later. What would be coming up from the lava underground and spreading towards them that would make it impossible to remain? H_______ Heat 56. Slide #36 is a photograph of Leilani Estates and it sits on the side of Kilauea’s shield volcano. How would you describe a shield volcano’s shape compared to a stratovolcano like Mt. Rainer or Mt. Fuji? Stratovolcanoes have relatively steep sides and are more cone-shaped than shield volcanoes which are broad, gently sloping cones of flat, domical shape. 57. What do geologists think came unsealed to cause the 2018 Kilauea eruption? Geologists think that there had been a blockage in the underground magma conduit (called a dike) 58. What physical difference between Kilauea’s caldera and Leilani Estates made it easy for the lava to rush from one to the other?

The elevation. Kilauea is at 4,100ft and so the lava drained downhill in the conduits to Leilani Estates which is at 770ft elevation. 59. Kilauea’s lava lake drained out into Leilani Estates. So what has replaced the lava lake? More fluid lava lake basalt pour out into the lava river. 60. What are 3 ways that geologists can monitor the Hawaiian volcanoes 24 hours per day? With seismographs, tiltmeters, and sulfur detectors.

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