Lab 11-2
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Oklahoma State University *
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Geology
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Dec 6, 2023
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FALL 2023
Laboratory Investigation 11
Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
PART 2
3. QUESTIONS
3.1
(L1)
Which sediment is more porous, gravel or clay?
(0.5 pt).
3.2
(L2)
Rank the following sediment deposits by their degree of permeability with 1 being
the most permeable.
(0.5 pt)
Eolian sand (dune) _______
Alluvial gravel ________
Debris flow deposit composed of mixed sand, silt, clay, and gravel _______
Glacial clay _______
3.3
(L1)
What is a
confined aquifer
?
(0.5 pt)
3.4
(L1)
What is an
artesian well
?
(0.5 pt)
3.5
(L1)
List at least five possible sources of aquifer contamination
(0.5 pt)
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
4. PRACTICE AND APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Groundwater Flow
The map of Figure 4.1 shows the water level contour lines indicating the elevation of the
water table on a hillside confined by faults, a stream, and the ocean.
Note that the
topographic contours are not shown. Therefore, in this exercise we are not going to deal
with depth, but with groundwater flow. Analyze the map and answer the questions
below.
Figure 4.1 Groundwater flow map showing water table (water level) contours.
4.1
(L2)
If there is a leak of chemicals above point E, will the chemicals reach point A via
underground water flow? Explain your answer.
(1.5 pt)
19
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
4.2
(L4)
Using the proper equation (page 101 in your handbook), calculate the
hydraulic
gradient
in ft/ft between points A and D.
Estimate the distance using the scale of
the map. Show your work.
(2 pts)
4.3
(L4)
Using the proper equation (page 101 in your handbook), calculate the
groundwater velocity (V) between points A and D on the map, knowing that the
average flow of the aquifer is 142 ft/day, and
the average porosity of the rock is 6%.
Show your work.
(2 pts)
Groundwater contamination
Many gas stations use underground storage tanks (UST) to store fuel below the ground.
These USTs can leak and gasoline could possibly reach the water table.
In case there is a leak from one of the USTs, it is possible to assess the areas
contaminated.
To assess the problem, a company has obtained the depth of the water table using a
series of wells (Table 4.3). Now, using the knowledge you gained in the previous
exercises, you will investigate the possible path of the leaked fuel in a populated area.
Table 4.3
Monitoring well
Water table depth in feet
1
794
2
790
3
788
4
786
5
786
6
783
7
780
19
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GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
Fig. 4.2 Area of gasoline leak.
4.4 On the map above (Fig. 4.2), trace the water table depth contours. Make the
contours at 5 ft intervals (e.g., 780, 785, 790, 795).
(1 pt)
19
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
Based on your results on the map and your knowledge of groundwater flow, answer the
following questions:
4.5
(L3)
If gas station B leaks what buildings will be affected?
4.6
(L3)
Is the school ground likely to be at risk of contamination from the leak?
(1 pt)
(Yes, No). Explain why.
4.7
(L4)
Is the church ground to be at risk of the same contamination from the leak?
(1 pt)
(Yes, No). Explain why.
19
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
Monitoring aquifers
Rapid land use change, whether it is agricultural, urban, or industrial, can have an
impact on the depth of the water table. In this exercise, you will look at some well data
from different aquifers in the United States and determine what causes the water table
depth monitored in wells throughout several years.
4.8
(L3-4)
Below you will read three statements regarding land use at three different
locations (1, 2, and 3). Then you have three graphs (A, B and C) that show the change
in water table. Based on the statements match locations with graphs.
(6 pts, 2 pt for each
location)
Location 1: Fayette County, Pennsylvania
.
“
Name’s Gary. My wife, Kelly, and I moved here on account of the coal mining job I got.
Paid better than the farming we did back in Kansas. Kelly misses it sometimes,
harvesting the wheat, but I don’t miss the sunburns. Not like we can even consider
raising wheat or anything else here, with the mountains and all. Hate to admit it, but I
kinda miss seeing them farms, since us farmers were all like a family after so long. We
do like the change of pace for rain, though – we were getting tired of relying on
unpredictable rain patterns for our income.”
Location 2: Thomas County, Kansas.
“They just won’t listen to me. Ever since I joined the Clean Water Initiative, I’ve been
trying to fight for the future for our kids to have clean drinking water, and those good-for-
nothing politicians just won’t change anything! The farms around here are great, don’t
get me wrong; heart of the USA, supplying food to the whole country. But we have to
make changes! It’s even causing more and more earthquakes around here lately…”
Location 3: Sacramento County, California.
“It’s scary when the fires happen! But it’s only in the summer when I’m trying to play
with my friends. Maybe it’s because it never rains during the summer. But it sure does
in winter when I’m out of school for winter break! Speaking of winter break, that’s my
favorite time because Uncle Kyle comes to see me! He came over yesterday and was
talking to mommy and daddy about his farm up north. He said he’s still mad about the
“rules” he has to follow for watering all his crops, but those rules almost 20 years old!
That’s older than I am! Maybe if he hates the rules so much, he should just not follow
them. Knowing Uncle Kyle, that’s probably what he does anyway.”
19
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GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
Graph A.
Graph B.
19
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 11. Groundwater, geology, humans, and climate
Graph C.
Points
Section 3:
Section 4:
Total:
____________ out of 18 points
19