Lab 1 Geology
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CUNY Hunter College *
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Course
10100
Subject
Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
6
Uploaded by MegaFog12766
The Basics of Geology
In order to understand the concepts of geology, there are several topics that one must
have knowledge of. First, in order to understand the Earth, we have to know how to locate areas
using latitude and longitude coordinates. Also, we have to understand density, how the
atmosphere works, and what it entails. Another important topic that will be explored in this lab is
the Earth’s many layers, specifically the crusts. An extremely essential part of geological science
is knowing how to convert units and utilizing scientific notation. Lastly, this lab will delve into
graphing and interpreting data which is greatly used in science. This lab will focus on learning
the basics of geology and science as a whole in order to understand several topics important in
geology.
Activity 1.1
A.
1.) Continent/Island: Asia
Country: Nepal
I found the peak of Mt. Everest.
2.) Continent/Island: Antarctica
Country: Antarctica
I found the McMurdo Station.
3.) Continent/Island: North America
Country: United States
I found Denali, North America’s largest mountain.
4.) Continent/Island: Europe
Country: Europe
I found the Eiffel Tower.
B. Longitude and Latitude: 47.2640135, 39.8712958
Altitude: 95.8255519
Continent/Island: Europe
Found: Arksay, Russia
C.
1.) #21, NA, California, United States, San Andreas Lake
2.) #4, NA, Canada, Moore Island (part of Hudson Bay)
3.) #1, NA, Utah, United States, Bingham Copper Mine
4.) #20, Europe, Switzerland, Matterhorn Mountain
5.) #14, NA, Arizona, United States, Meteor Crater Natural Landmark
6.) #24, NA, Alaska, United States, Grass, Yukon River
D.
1.) I think that the national border is located on the river by the pinpointed location.
2.) The United Kingdom and Ireland are separated by this border. It seems like the border
was placed without any thought to the natural features of the land so it splits the two
countries seemingly randomly which is probably due to conflict over land.
3.) The area above the river has less trees and agriculture while below the river appears to be
more of a forest area which is most likely due to less people inhabiting the space.
4.) Bolivia and Brazil are separated by this border. The Rio Abuna river marks the border on
the landscape.
Activity 1.4
1.) Conversion factor: 63.71 mm on the map for every 1 km in Earth.
B.
2.) 45.34574 km
3.) less dense layer: lower mantle
more dense layer: outer core
C. The shapes of the light blue ray paths relate to the boundaries I drew and the boundaries in the
density plot because the ray paths travel to the lower layers of Earth and goes through the crust
and upper mantle easily. When most of the rays pass through the lower mantle, it goes back and
continues from another point in the planet. Not all rays can pass through the outer core and none
succeed in going through the inner core. The rays pass through densities of 0.5 to 6.4 and
struggles as the densities increase throughout each layer.
D. I can infer that the more dense a layer of the Earth is, the more it would sink deeper towards
the core of the Earth, therefore making seismic rays harder for it to reach the more dense areas.
Activity 1.5
A.
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B.
1.) 29% of Earth’s total surface area is land above sea level
2.) The crust above sea level is a granitic/continental crust while the crust below sea level is
a basaltic-gabbroic/oceanic crust.
3.) 30% continental crust 70% oceanic crust
4.) The curve in Fig. 1.10 is the same as the curve shown above. The only difference is that
the curve shown above includes exact points of locations on Earth.
5.) I would have liked more data between Cascadia Trench and Hawai’i moat.
Activity 1.6
A.
1.) 10 mi = 16.093 km
2.) 1 ft = 0.3048 m
3.) 16 km = 16,000 m
4.) 25 m = 2,500 cm
5.) 25.4 mL = 25.4 cm^3
6.) 1.3 L = 1,300 cm^3
B.
1.) 6,555,000,000 = 6.555 x 10^9
2.) 0.000001234 = 1.234 x 10^-6
3.) 6.25 x 10^-6 = 0.00000625
4.) 4.567 x 10^9 = 4,567,000,000
C.
1.)
N
= 7
maximum = 3.2 g/cm^3
minimum = 3.0 g/cm^3
mean = 3.086 g/cm^3
mode = 3.1
sample standard deviation: 0.069 g/cm^3
2.)
N
= 9
maximum = 2.9 g/cm^3
minimum: 2.6 g/cm^3
mean = 2.77 g/cm^3
mode = 2.8 g/cm^3
sample standard deviation: 0.1118 g/cm^3
D.
1.
(a) The average rate that which the Grand Canyon has been eroded into the Colorado Plateau
during the past 6 million years is approximately 0.27 millimeters per year.
1.6km = 1.6 x 1,000,000 = 1,600,000mm
1,600,000mm/6,000,000 years = 0.27 mm/year
(b) The Grand Canyon would be about 5.08 millimeters deeper than the day I was born.
19 years = 19 x 365 = 6,935
0.267/365 = 0.0007315 mm/day
0.0007315 x 6,935 = 5.08
2.
(a) 66°C-15°C = 51°C
51°C/4 = 12.75°C/km
(b) 13,000°C - 15°C
1,285°C/100km = 12.85°C/km
(c ) 6,000°C - 15°C
5,985°C/6,371km = 0.9394°C/km
(d) The Earth’s atmosphere affects the variation in the geothermal gradient within Earth so
as the
depth rises, so does the temperature. Earth receives its heat/temperature from the
center of its atmosphere.
Activity 1.7
A.
4.) The slope of the line drawn above shows that the CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory in
Hawaii increases as time goes by.
B.
3.) The graph shown above shows that throughout time the CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory in
Hawaii increases, usually steadily (1989-1999 exempt from this statement).
C.
1.) The graph demonstrates that temperature and CO2 concentration go hand in hand because
as one increases, so does the other and vice versa.
2.) I would like to have more data and information from other locations in the world to
investigate the correlation between CO2 concentration and temperature.
D. I predict that Earth’s atmospheric temperature will increase in the future because all 3 graphs
show that since 1959 to present time, the temperature and CO2 concentration has gone up which
supports the prediction that it will continue to increase in the future.
In conclusion, the basics of geology are essential to understand the Earth and its various
layers. Some of the most important things to be aware of are how temperature and CO2
concentration correlate, how distance and density are related, and how time also affects
temperature and CO2 emissions. Some basic skills to remember when studying geology are
scientific notation, unit conversion, and graphing and analyzing data. Once you know these
things you are ready to further study geology and its more complex topics.
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