GA6_AssessingVolcanicHazardRisk1_101.ALL_Fall23

EMES101.ALL_Fall23 Assignment Grade: up to 12 points Group Contribu@on Grade: up to 3 points Assignment 6: Assessing Volcanic Hazards and Risk Part 1 Group Number: Group Members Present (first and last names): Each group member present must WRITE THEIR OWN NAME above to earn credit for contribu>ng to the assignment. Do not write the names of group members who are not present. Scribes’ ini;als: Share the scribe duty with everybody present. This means you must rotate who writes the an- swers to different ques>ons. Once you’ve completed your scribe duty, ini>al above. Introduc@on Mt. Liamuiga, the youngest of the three volcanic centers on the Caribbean island of St. KiFs, last erupted 1620 years ago. It ! s now showing signs of unrest. You are part of a team of volcanolo- gists tasked with 2 goals: 1. Determine the volcanic hazards of the island. 2. Assess areas of high and low risk and recommend the best evacua;on loca;on for the island’s 55,000 inhabitants and substan;al tourist popula;on (best es;mate of ~122,000 people in 2015). You will accomplish this by making observa;ons about features and data on maps and pictures and applying your understanding to determine volcanic landforms, tectonic environment, and erup;on style for Part 1 and iden;fy associated volcanic hazards in Part 2. Let ! s first discuss some basic concepts. The following Venn diagram shows the rela;onship be- tween hazard, vulnerability, and risk. Hazard is the existence of a poten@ally dangerous situa- @on or event, natural or manmade . For most natural disasters, hazards are unpreventable. Vul- nerability is the capacity of an individual or group to an@cipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made hazard. Vulnerability has many factors (see figure 1), among which some of the most important are popula;on density and the distribu;on, redundan- cy, and robustness of infrastructure like roads, bridges, communica;on networks, emergency per- sonnel and hospitals, airports, u;li;es, and sewers. Risk is the intersec;on between hazard and vulnerability and is an assessment of whether the hazard may have a societal impact , like loss of life, damage to property, destruc;on of an ecosystem, impact on the economy, or implica;ons regarding local and/or global climate. Unlike hazards, risks can be mi;gated or prevented.

Figure 1. A Venn diagram showing risk, the inter- sec;on of hazard and vulnerability. 1. Briefly describe a situa@on where a natural hazard like an earthquake or volcanic erup;on may be very high but risk could be very low . (1 point) Earthquakes and volcanic erup;ons could occur in areas with low human ac;vity that are largely inhabited and this would mean that risk would be very low. A example of this could be earthquakes and volcano erup;ons that happen in the middle of the ocean far from land. Part 1: Determining Hazard Use Google Earth or Google Maps in Chrome to navigate to your loca;on by typing " St. KiTs” into the search tool. Click the satellite view icon at the boFom of the page. From the menu in the boFom right corner, click the 3D buTon . Zoom in and out by clicking the + and – buFons and ro- tate the page by clicking the compass icon. The easiest way to navigate is by grabbing the screen is by pressing SHIFT while naviga;ng with your mouse or track pad. Zoom in and navigate around the island to get your bearings, view the topography of the island, the morphology of the volca- noes . Zoom out and orient yourself with the bathymetry map in figure 2 on the next page . For an aerial drone tour to see the topography surrounding Mt. Liamuiga click here . 2. Apply your understanding of the morphologies of volcanic landforms and your observa;ons from Google Earth/Google Maps and the drone video to determine the type of volcano that composes St. KiTs . Explain your reasoning with at least one clearly ar@culated point. (1.5 points) The type of volcano that composes St. KiFs is stratovolcano. The reason I think this is because as we can see from the drone footage it is very tall and high. The slope dose not look very steep meaning it is not a Cinder cone and it is also not very flat meaning it is not shield volcano. It also has a conical shape. The tall height along with the shape and slope make me think it is a stratovol- cano 3. Examine figure 2 showing the boundary of the North American and the Caribbean Plates. What type of plate boundary is St KiTs located at? Be as specific as possible . (1 point) Based on figure 2 I think it is a convergent plate boundary. The north american plate is a oceanic plate and should subduct under the Caribbean plate. The subduc;on of the Atlan;c plate is probably why St. KiFs has volcanoes. Based on figure 2 and the volcanoes and other features I think it is a convergent plate boundary. 4. Does this plate boundary support the type of volcano you iden@fied in ques@on 2? If so, explain why. If not, reexamine your answers. Consult the sec;ons on tectonic seengs in your text and seek feedback from your classmates and professor before con;nuing. (1 point) Yes the convergent plate boundary supports my iden;fica;on of a stratovolcano because vol- canoes at convergent (oceanic - con;nental) plate boundaries have layers making them com-

The rock formed from magma that cooled Mul;-Stage. First, it cooled slowly at depth, allowing large crystals to form. Then, it erupted and cooled rapidly at the surface, resul;ng in a fine-grained holes (vesicles). The light color is due to it is rich silica composi;on 8. Was the rock in figure 3 produced by an effusive or explosive erup@on? Why? (1.5 points) The rock was produced by a explosive erup;on. A explosive erup;on causes Highly viscous magmas/lavas with greater amounts of vola;les. The rock has high viscosity, is light colored, and is felsic which suggest it was formed in a explosive erup;on. Viscous magmas trap gas bubbles causing pressure build up causing a explosive erup;on. Summary and Further Thinking Verbally summarize the main points of this assignment. Ensure that all group members under- stand the ra>onale behind your answer; if you need clarifica>on, seek feedback from your LA and/ or professor before con>nuing. 9. An engineer, who is member of a different branch of the hazards response team, is interested in geology. They took a geology class as part of their undergraduate degree. One night at dinner, they ask you if St. KiFs formed from an oceanic hot spot. Answer their ques;on by applying your previously ar;culated understanding of tectonic environment, volcano type, and igneous rock composi@on of St. KiTs . Hint: think about other volcanoes formed from oceanic hot spots. Be sure to explain the reasoning behind your answer to them. (2 points) It is unlikely that St. KiFs formed from an oceanic hot spot because it is located in a convergent boundary, has a stratovolcano, and has felsic slice rich phaneri;c igneous rocks whereas volca- noes at hot spots are typically in the middle of the plate, they are usually shield volcanoes, and have mafic aphani;c rocks such as basalt. The environment, volcano type, and igneous rock com- posi;on of St. KiFs is very different from that of a volcano at a hot spot and is why St. KiFs is not a volcano at a hot spot.

Complete your peer assessment now! In recogni;on that the func;onality, sa;sfac;on, and academic benefits of group work largely depend on equal par;cipa;on and the perceived value of each group members’ contribu;ons, up to 3 points of the Group Contribu@ons por@on of your course grade will be based on peer assessment according to the rubric below. Complete the peer assessment here (or access using the QR Code with the photo app on your phone) for all group members EXCEPT yourself , including members from other groups you may have worked with temporarily. You can access the survey ONCE so be sure to evaluate ALL your group members by selec;ng ALL their names when asked who you are assessing (consult the names wriFen on your discussion ques- ;on or take a picture of the names if you’ll be comple;ng the peer assessment later). There is no requirement for how many group members receive certain points; evaluate them fairly, honest- ly and based on their effort and quality of their contribu;ons. Because assignments are forma;ve assess- ments, judging peers on the accuracy of their contribu;ons is secondary. Your feedback will always remain confiden;al. Your peer assessment score will be the average of those submiFed by your group members. If you do not complete a peer assessment for each of your group members, you will not receive your peer assessment points. Download a .pdf of your responses aqer submission as proof of comple;on. The survey closes at the end of the late-submission window for this assignment. 0 points 1 point 2 points 3 points Descrip@on of the Point Criteria The group member met 0-1 of the 6 cri- teria below: The group member met 2-3 of the 6 cri- teria below: The group member met 4-5 of the 6 cri- teria below: The group mem- ber met all 6 of the criteria below: • Came prepared • Was ac;vely engaged and present for the en;re session • Solved problems and asked insighrul ques;ons • Valued contribu;ons made by other group members • Contributed high-quality ideas and content • Did an equal share of the work Overall As- sessment You would NOT work in a group of 2 with them. You would NOT choose to work in a group of 2 with them but would if assigned. You'd work in a group of 2 with them. You'd seek out this person to work in group of 2 with.