Exam 1 Review Sheet GEOL 170 - Fall 2023

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Binghamton University *

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140

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Geology

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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GEOL/ENVI 170, Exam 1: Some suggested topics for review. The geologic time scale, how are time periods designated. You do not have to memorize the time scale. Relating to the previous topic, how do/did geologist use fossils and sometimes other methods to correlate rocks from place to place as being from the same time period if radiometric dating of the rocks is not possible? How does the solar abundance of elements relate to the Earth’s crust and where did these elements come from? Solar system origins, nebular theory. How do we know solar system/Earth’s age? Minerals: definition of a mineral and properties to identify minerals. What is the most abundant rock forming mineral group? The rock cycle and different rock types. How are they interrelated? Plutonic vs. volcanic igneous rocks. Clastic vs. chemical or biological sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rock classification system. Porosity and permeability and what factors affect these properties of a sediment. Stress and strain (definition and types).

Basics of biostratigraphy and radiometric dating of rocks. What are some different ways that rocks can be correlated in time from place to place besides radiometric dating (i.e., methods of stratigraphy). What are the different Milankovitch orbital cycles and generally speaking how do they affect climate? Why do their effects show up in the stable oxygen isotope composition of fossil shells? Some mineral types and rock types that can be dated radiometrically. Which radioactive isotopes are useful to date different types of geologic materials? Plate tectonics: Types of plate boundaries and some examples, conditions when/where plates subduct, how new seafloor (crust) is formed, different layers of Earth’s interior. Magnetic reversals concept (not the exact times of reversals), how can reversals be used to correlate rocks? How can paleomagnetism be used to determine past continental locations. Other evidence of past continental locations or how they were formerly joined together. Different seismic waves and their properties. Different crustal plate types and different plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) and characteristics of each. Why do some plates subduct more readily than others?

Different types of faults. Seismic gaps, Benioff zones, fault creep, epicenter and focus. Earthquake related hazards. Different magma types and different types of volcanoes. What are they and what causes their differences? Felsic vs. mafic magma, which types of volcanoes and hazards are more associated with each type? What controls the composition of a given magma or volcano? Volcanic hazards. What types of volcanoes are most associated with each? Volcanic eruption precursors. What are some of the major reservoirs and fluxes of the hydrologic cycle? Definition of streams and watersheds. What is meant by a stream’s discharge? How is it calculated? Difference between braided and meandering streams. What are cut banks, point bars, and floodplains in meandering streams?

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