ATM107Ch5.Studyguide.Cloze notes.

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GUIDED NOTES 2023-09-25 OCEAN Water Salts Polarity of Water Molecules (isolated salt ions) Measuring Salt Concentration Units of Concentration •By weight •g/kg mg/kg, ?g/kg •By volume •g/l, mg/l, ?g/l, • ____________________ (o/oo) ppt is used “30-36 0/00” _______ because 1 l of seawater weighs nearly 1 kg Measuring Salinity • _______ variations •AVERAGE Salinity approx. __ ___ • Processes ________ _____________ • runoff • ________ • thawing Sea Surface Salinity Major Chemical Constituents Regulating the _________ Salt Balance _______ volcanism, _____ _______ decay •Output: __________ _____ _____________ , sea spray, __________ ______ , sediments Major Constituents Residence Time •Total amount divided by ____ __ _____ (or output) Most efficiently removed by __________ onto _______________ Major Constituents Constant Proportions of Major Constituents • __________ ________ •Cl?/Na+ = 1.796 (proportion) •Na+/SO42? = 3.972 (proportion) •

Determining Salinity •Conductance is a function of ________ •Salinometer measures ____________ •Salinity 0/00 = 1.80655 Chlorinity 0/00 (same term) OCEAN WATER Abundance of Gases ________ = 36%o, ___________ = 20°C. Distribution with Depth ______________ removes CO2 and ________ O2 at the surface ___________ produces CO2 and _______ O2 at ___ _____ _______________________ __________________ __________ The carbon dioxide cycle •Ocean uptake from atmosphere •Depends on: pH, ____________ salinity & _________ •Biological pump The oxygen balance •Photosynthesis in ocean (net source) •Weathering and _________ on land (net loss) Measuring the gases •Specialized probes for _________ ______ •Measuring pH to deduce carbon dioxide concentration Carbon Dioxide Pathways So, Where Did All of this Limestone Used for Massive Construction Come From????? __________ Limestone OCEAN WATER Carbon Dioxide The pH of Seawater ____________ of water molecules •Cation, ____ and anion, ___________ •Imbalance of H+ and OH = __ •Acidic and Basic solutions pH of seawater 7.5 to 8.5 – slightly ________ _____ CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 ? HCO3? + H+ or CO32? + 2H+ pH Scale Carbonate System

Seawater pH Buffering Anthropogenic CO2 The Keeling curve from 1958 to 2017 CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa for November 2016 through October 2017 Ocean Acidification Change: 1700s to present day Ocean Acidification: The “Players” ACIDIFICATION OCEAN WATER Nutrients and Organics Nutrients and Organics Nutrients •Ions required for plant growth • ________ ratio •C:Si:N:P = 106:40:16:1 • ________ cycles • _____ elements are vital for _______________ Table 5.7 Nutrients in Seawater Nutrients and Organics Organics •Some are ________ or broken down into smaller molecules through _____________ •Some __________ in the sediment to form ___ and ___ deposits •Wide variety of substances found in Seawater • ________ •Carbohydrates •Lipids (fats) • ________ •Hormones • _________ elements, etc. Precipitating Useful Salts by Evaporating Seawater Sequence of Salts Formed from Evaporation of Seawater Chemical resources •Table salt (~30% of world supply) • _________ (~60% of world supply) •Bromine (~70% of world supply)

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•Many minor constituents at concentrations too low to be commercially valuable (for example, _____ uranium) Desalination from a _____ Still, _______________ or Ion Exchange Reverse _______ Summary pH: acidity of seawater 7.5 to 8.5 Carbon Dioxide acts as an “Acidifier” and as well as a potential “Buffer” that prevents large variations in pH Major salt ions are in constant

GUIDED NOTES WITH ANSWERS 2023-09-25 OCEAN Water Salts Polarity of Water Molecules (isolated salt ions) Measuring Salt Concentration Units of Concentration •By weight •g/kg mg/kg, ?g/kg •By volume •g/l, mg/l, ?g/l, • Parts/Thousand (o/oo) ppt is used “30-36 0/00” similar because 1 l of seawater weighs nearly 1 kg Measuring Salinity • Spatial variations •AVERAGE Salinity approx. 35 PPT • Processes salinity precipitation • runoff • freezing • thawing Sea Surface Salinity Major Chemical Constituents Regulating the Dissolved Salt Balance rivers, volcanism, ridge system, decay •Output: adsorption & precipitation , sea spray, biological uptake , sediments Major Constituents Residence Time •Total amount divided by rate of input (or output) Most efficiently removed by ADSORBTION onto sediments/clays Major Constituents Constant Proportions of Major Constituents • Well-mixed solution •Cl?/Na+ = 1.796 (proportion) •Na+/SO42? = 3.972 (proportion) •

Determining Salinity •Conductance is a function of salinity •Salinometer measures conductivity •Salinity 0/00 = 1.80655 Chlorinity 0/00 (same term) OCEAN WATER Abundance of Gases Salinity = 36%o, temperature = 20°C. Distribution with Depth Photosynthesis removes CO2 and produces O2 at the surface Respiration produces CO2 and removes O2 at all depths solubility The carbon dioxide cycle •Ocean uptake from atmosphere •Depends on: pH, temperature, salinity & chemistry •Biological pump The oxygen balance •Photosynthesis in ocean (net source) •Weathering and oxidation on land (net loss) Measuring the gases •Specialized probes for dissolved oxygen •Measuring pH to deduce carbon dioxide concentration Carbon Dioxide Pathways So, Where Did All of this Limestone Used for Massive Construction Come From????? Biological Limestone OCEAN WATER Carbon Dioxide The pH of Seawater Dissociation of water molecules •Cation, (H+) and anion, (OH?) •Imbalance of H+ and OH = pH •Acidic and Basic solutions pH of seawater 7.5 to 8.5 – slightly Alkaline HCO3- CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 ? HCO3? + H+ or CO32? + 2H+ pH Scale Carbonate System Seawater pH Buffering

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Anthropogenic CO2 The Keeling curve from 1958 to 2017 CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa for November 2016 through October 2017 Ocean Acidification Change: 1700s to present day Ocean Acidification: The “Players” ACIDIFICATION OCEAN WATER Nutrients and Organics Nutrients and Organics Nutrients •Ions required for plant growth • Redfield ratio •C:Si:N:P = 106:40:16:1 • Nutrient cycles • Trace elements are vital for survival/growth Table 5.7 Nutrients in Seawater Nutrients and Organics Organics •Some are oxidized or broken down into smaller molecules through decomposition •Some accumulate in the sediment to form oil and gas deposits •Wide variety of substances found in Seawater • Proteins •Carbohydrates •Lipids (fats) • Vitamins •Hormones • Minerals, elements, etc. Precipitating Useful Salts by Evaporating Seawater Sequence of Salts Formed from Evaporation of Seawater Chemical resources •Table salt (~30% of world supply) • Magnesium (~60% of world supply) •Bromine (~70% of world supply)

•Many minor constituents at concentrations too low to be commercially valuable (for example, gold, uranium) Desalination from a Solar Still, Electrodialysis or Ion Exchange Reverse Osmosis Summary pH: acidity of seawater 7.5 to 8.5 Carbon Dioxide acts as an “Acidifier” and as well as a potential “Buffer” that prevents large variations in pH Major salt ions are in constant