Lesson 6 Minerals II and Igneous Rocks

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Clemson University *

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Geology

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Oct 30, 2023

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GEOL 1120 Lesson 6 Minerals II and Igneous Rocks Which of the following is part of the 5-part definition of a mineral? A. It must be organic. B. It must be able to be produced in a lab. C. It must be a liquid. D. It must have an amorphous crystal structure. E. It must have a defined chemical composition. Which mineral class does diamond (chemical formula: C; C = carbon) belong to? A. Silicates B. Carbonates C. Sulfides D. Halides E. Native elements Rock Types - There are three types of rocks: o Igneous o Metamorphic o Sedimentary Rock Types – Igneous - Ignis = fire (“Fire rocks”) - Crystallize from melted material Types of Melted Rock - Lava: melted rock at the surface - Magma: melted rock underground Types of Igneous Rocks - Extrusive: on the surface - Intrusive: inside the Earth - Very different cooling rates give them different features. Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Magma cooled very slowly deep below the surface - Formation takes years to centuries (possibly millennia) - Slow cooling = large mineral crystals (visible to the naked eye)

GEOL 1120 Extrusive Igneous Rocks - Lava cooled quickly on the surface - Formation takes days to months - Fast cooling = small mineral crystals (too small to see) Composition of Igneous Rocks - Felsic igneous rocks o Light colored – minerals lack iron + magnesium o Part of the continental crust - Mafic igneous rocks o Dark colored – minerals have higher iron + magnesium content o Part of the oceanic crust What type of igneous rock is shown in the image below? A. Felsic extrusive igneous rock B. Felsic intrusive igneous rock C. Mafic extrusive igneous rock D. Mafic intrusive igneous rock E. It is not a rock, it is a mineral How to make magma 1. Increase temperature 2. Decrease pressure 3. Add water or other volatiles Which of the following plate boundary types does not generate magma or lava (i.e., no volcanoes occur there)? A. Divergent boundary B. Oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary C. Oceanic-continental convergent boundary D. Continental-continental convergent boundary E. Magma and lava are generated at all of the above plate boundary types

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