AGP GSCI Midterm
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School
Central Connecticut State University *
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Course
190
Subject
Geology
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
docx
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5
Uploaded by ElderFish1046
Part I: Dickson County, Tennessee Landfill (10 pts)
This image is representative of the Dickson County, Tennessee landfill.
Answer the following questions about the diagram and the Dickson County landfill case.
1. (1pt) Where is the fully water-saturated part of the aquifer? a. Above the water table
b. Below the water table
2. (1pt) Water flows through permeable materials __________ than impermeable materials
a. faster
b. slower
3. (1pt) We discussed the geology of the Dickson County aquifer. This type of aquifer is well connected to the surface, has rapid water flow, and is easily contaminated. What is the name for this type of aquifer, which is found in many areas east of the Mississippi River, including large parts of Tennessee?
4. (2pts) TCE was the primary pollutant of interest in this case. Which of the following are
true
about TCE? Choose all correct answers.
a. it is a DNAPL pollutant
b. it can pollute water and can also become an air pollutant
c. it is less dense than water
d. it is highly carcinogenic
e. the maximum contaminant level set by the EPA is 10 parts per billion
5. (1pt) Why was leachate able to reach the aquifer and pollute the groundwater under this landfill? (only one correct answer)
a. Landfill had a flexible membrane liner
b. Landfill did not have a flexible membrane liner
c. Landfill had monitoring wells
d. Landfill did not have monitoring wells
e. None of the above
6. (2pt) This case was very illustrative of the “taxonomy” of environmental justice discussed by Kuehn in his paper. Which types of justice did we decide this case illustrates?
7. (2pt) For each answer to question 6, explain how the Dickson County case illustrates that type of justice. Your answers must be specific and use facts from the case. Part II. Zoning and Redlining (5pts)
Zoning and redlining have had powerful influences on the development of neighborhoods and communities across the United States. 8. (1pt) Areas with African Americans, as well as those with older housing and poorer households were consistently given which grade and color
on the HOLC maps?
a. 1 and Green
b. 3 and Blue
c. 2 and Red
d. 4 and Yellow
e. 4 and Red
9. (2pt) Many historians and scholars have assumed that the HOLC maps formed the basis for redlining practices. We suggested that this may not be the case. Which of the following lend
support to the idea that the HOLC maps were not
the basis of redlining? Choose all
correct answers.
a. Lenders had widespread access to HOLC maps; they were widely distributed or discussed in the major real estate and appraisal journals
b. The FHA’s widely distributed Underwriting Manual,
numerous surveys, and its own mapmaking reflected an antiurban and racial bias deeper than HOLC’s.
c. HOLC refinanced loans throughout all neighborhoods of American cities and to many Black Americans. d. HOLC had completed nearly all of their refinancing before they started their City Survey mapping program
e. Efforts by industry and the Federal government to establish and promote guidelines for choosing neighborhoods in which to insure mortgages predate
the HOLC mapping effort
10. (2pts) We know that redlining was practiced for many decades, whether or not it was based on the HOLC maps. Federal housing policy simply blocked African Americans from accessing real estate capital, leading to the creation of segregated mass suburbia. Banks, insurance companies, real estate agents and politicians also help create and perpetuate segregated housing patterns. What are some possible outcomes of these discriminatory practices?
a. Redlining helped create wealth inequities that are still present today
b. Redlining may have helped contribute to low social vulnerability index c. Redlining may have helped contribute to high social vulnerability index
d. Redlining may have helped contribute to higher life expectancy and lower incidence of chronic diseases
e. Redlining may have helped contribute to lower life expectancy and higher incidence of chronic diseases
f. Redlining may have helped create preconditions that make these communities more susceptible to COVID 19
Part III. Land Use and Zoning and Environmental Justice (7pts)
11. (1pt) Zoning is a root enabling cause of disproportionate burdens/environmental justice. (T/F)
12. (1pt) Over 90% of Connecticut’s land is zoned for as-of-right single family homes (T/F)
13. (1pt) Housing availability/affordability is affected by which of the following:
a. Public hearing requirements for multi-family housing are different than for single family construction
b. Minimum lot size requirements can limit the growth of a community and increase land costs
c. Parking space requirement
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
14. (1pt) The re-zoning of black residential neighborhoods to permit and even promote disruptive incompatible uses that diminish the quality of life and undermine the stability of these neighborhoods is called:
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a. extra-legal zoning
b. expulsive zoning
c. exclusionary zoning
d. exceptional zoning
15. (1pt) Examples of racially restrictive zoning ordinances include which of the following:
a. Written consent of majority of Whites residents required to allow Blacks to move into a White area
b. prohibition of Blacks from establishing residences in White neighborhoods and vice-
versa
c. placement of buffer strips (physical barriers) to separate White and Black neighborhoods
d. designate specific blocks on which Blacks could live
e. all of the above
f. none of the above
16. (2pt) Zoning laws may be used in ways that help achieve two goals: “NIMBY” and “PIBBY.” What do each of these acronyms mean?
a. NIMBY:
b. PIBBY:
Part IV. Environmental Justice History (7pts)
Choose the answer that best matches the question/description from the list at the top of the next page:
17. (1pt) What was the significance of the Warren County, North Carolina protest against the PCB landfill site?
18. (1pt) United Church of Christ 1987 report “Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States”
19. (1pt)First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, 1991
20. (1pt)
Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management Corporation
, Houston, Texas
21. (1pt)Marks the beginning of the modern environmental movement
22. (1pt) Focuses federal attention on the environmental and human health conditions of minority and low-income populations with the goal of achieving environmental protection for all communities.
23. (1pt)This report made the following findings:
24. (1pt) Federal Government has made it a goal that 40 percent of the overall benefits of certain Federal investments flow to disadvantaged communities that are marginalized, underserved, and overburdened by pollution.
Answer List for Part IV
a. “
Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty 1987-2007
”
b. First lawsuit in U.S. charging environmental discrimination in waste facility siting under U.S. civil rights laws
c. Executive Order 12898
d
. Marks the beginning of the EJ movement
e. 17 Principles of Environmental Justice
f. study determined that race was the most significant variable in determining the location of commercial hazardous waste facilities
g. Rachel Carson and Silent Spring
Part V. Mapping Exercise (1pt each; 11 points)
Go to: https://dsl.richmond.edu/socialvulnerability/
and then scroll to the bottom of the page, find Connecticut and choose Hartford and select D1 on the HOLC map (left side).
25. According to the HOLC description 34% of the population was ____ and 66% was ______.
26. What were the occupations?
27. This area is described as Hartford’s “oldest residential section.” What is the flood exposure of this area?
28. This area is described as a ______ area.
29. What is the “trend of desireability in the next 10 years?”
30. What is the Social Vulnerability Index of the same area today?
Go to https://www.epa.gov/ejscreen
and Launch the EJScreen Tool. Find Hartford and then locate the same neighborhood—look for the area north of the Main Street and Albany Avenue intersection. Using the Environmental Justice Indexes, answer the following questions:
31. What percentile is this area for Air Toxics Cancer Risk? (make sure you have the Index set for “Compare to US”—button on the top left) 32. What is the Traffic Proximity percentile?
33. Using the Health Disparities tool, what is the Asthma risk here?
34. What is the percentile for “People of Color?”
35. What is the percentile for “Low Income?”