Geology Homework Questions chs 1-3

Geology Homework Questions (CHAPTERS 1-3) Chapter 1: 1. A dry climate might impact how people live by increasing: - both the risk of drought and other water shortages and irrigation needs. 2. The principle of isostasy refers to - the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust. 3. What is the most likely reason why a region is higher than adjacent regions? - The crust is thicker. 4. Lithosphere: Complete the sentence with the correct phrase. - The lithosphere consists of both types of crust and the uppermost mantle. 5. Geology can help us learn about Earth’s past by studying - why a landscape looks the way it does. - why continents and oceans are different. - how life in the past was different than today. - how global climate has changed since the ice ages. 6. Which of the following is NOT a way(s) that an oil field might impact people living nearby? - increasing likelihood of volcanic eruptions - (correct ways: increasing likelihood of an oil spill, increasing job opportunities, improving the local economy) 7. Stop the movie where the Atlantic Ocean is mostly visible. In the oceans, lighter colors of blue are shallower seafloor, and darker blues are deeper seafloor. Which of the following is a valid generalization comparing the features on the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean? - There is a ridge on the seafloor along the middle of the Atlantic. 8. Radioactive decay within Earth produces heat; the other form of heat produced by Earth comes from - heat trapped when Earth was formed. 9. Which of the following is NOT one of the main families of rocks? - Meteorites - (correct: igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary) 10. Uplift can occur during the rock cycle - at any point after burial. 11. Rainfall in mountain ranges might impact people living nearby by: - increasing flooding hazards. - water flowing into streams and rivers, increasing water supply. - increasing mudslide hazards - increasing erosion in mountains. 12. Which layer in Earth is similar in composition to an iron-nickel meteorite? - Core 13. Which of the following are ways that the atmosphere interacts with Earth’s surface?

- Some energy that strikes the earth is converted into infrared energy. - Liquid water on the surface can evaporate, becoming water vapor in the atmosphere. - Earth’s atmosphere blocks most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. - The atmosphere includes a low percentage of water vapor, most of which comes from the oceans. 14. Choose the answer that best explains why a rock might not go through the complete rock cycle. - Rock may be involved in a variety of processes in different sequences. 15. Which one of the following descriptions of the seafloor is most accurate? - It is complex, with various features and depths. 16. This figure shows the rock cycle. Drag the label for each process to its correct position on the figure. 17. Which layer in the earth is similar to the composition of granite? - continental crust 18. The continental shelf is - part of a continent. 19. Which layer in Earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock? - oceanic crust 20. Which type of crust has the greater thickness? - Continental 21. The main layers of Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down, are - crust, mantle, outer core, inner core. 22. What evidence do we have that shows life was quite different than it is now in the geologic past? - fossils of animals and plants

34. Which layer on this figure is the oceanic crust? - B 35. Which layer on this figure is the outer core? - E 36. The Earth system major components which interact and influence each other, does NOT include: - Magnetosphere - (correct components: hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere) 37. The asthenosphere is beneath the - Lithosphere 38. Which of the following is true about gravity? - The mass of Earth causes a downward pull on objects on Earth. - Gravity of the Sun and Moon exert a pull on Earth.

- Gravity causes ice, water, and rocks to move downhill. 39. Continental ice sheets were more common 28,000 years ago than they are today because - the Earth was cooler then than now. 40. Choose appropriate way(s) that hot springs might impact people living nearby. - provides geothermal power 41. Which layer in Earth is similar to the green mineral olivine? - Mantle Chapter 2: 1. The age of a fossil, organism, rock, geologic feature, or event as defined relative to other geologic features or events is the - relative age. 2. Which are true of a hypothesis? - It may be tentatively assumed. - It may be scrapped or amended after testing. - It can be tested for validity. 3. What is the youngest unit or feature in this figure? - 4 4. What type of figure would you use to portray the relative thicknesses of rock units stacked on top of one another? - stratigraphic section 5. What does the type of evolutionary diagrams discussed in the textbook show? - - the sequence of events that deposited the rocks and formed the landscape 6. What type of map is shown here?

- satellite images 14. A geologist performs analyses on a rock to gather data recording its specific chemical composition. This type of data is - quantitative. 15. Which of the following are true for an evolutionary diagram? - may use block diagrams, cross sections, or maps - uses a sequence of geologic diagrams to depict the geologic history of an area - shows the progression of changes an area undergoes through time 16. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? - observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation – conclusions 17. Rates in geologic processes - span the range from very rapid to very slow. 18. Shaded relief maps are most directly helpful in - identifying the shape of features of Earth. 19. In this diagram, the left arrow represents - elevation and the right arrow represents relief. 20. What is the oldest unit or feature in this figure? - 4 21. Which of the following is NOT a problem addressed by geologists? - geometry of rock layers in the subsurface - energy and mineral resources - flow of groundwater - volcanoes and other natural hazards 22. Qualitative data may involve which of the following? - descriptive words - labels

- images - sketches 23. Beneath the Mediterranean Sea, large deposits of salt and layers of wind-deposited sand dating from around 6 million years ago are present. Which of the following would you conclude based upon this information? - The Mediterranean Sea once evaporated, leaving behind large salt deposits and creating a desert-like environment of wind-blown sands. 24. What specific type of map represents the distribution of rock units and geologic features exposed on the surface? - geologic map 25. What strategy is most useful for inferring the environment in which a rock formed? - comparing the characteristics of the rock to deposits from modern environments 26. Quantitative data may include - size measurements of sediments. - specific temperature data. - chemistry of water in a stream. - age of a rock. 27. Which type of map or diagram would best indicate elevation of the land surface? - topographic map 28. A hypothesis is a - proposed explanation developed before formal investigation. 29. Over time, when a mesa becomes a butte and a butte eventually becomes hills and knobs, we can infer what physical process has taken place? - Erosion 30. Why do geologists do field work? - to collect data to answer a question about how Earth works 31. The periods and subdivisions of Earth history, arranged in proper order, are called the - geologic timescale. 32. What type of technology do geologists use to study inaccessible places such as the inner Earth and the seafloor surface? - instruments that collect wave data, e.g., sound, radio, infrared 33. Why can’t all geologic questions be answered by only collecting data in the field? - Some geologists study processes that occur in inaccessible places 34. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data? - (None of these are quantitative) - The Augustine volcano represents a dangerous situation. - The rocks were too hot to touch. - The rocks were dark gray and angular. - Steam coming from the mountain was dark gray in color. 35. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data? - North America is moving across Earth’s surface several centimeters per year. 36. Once a hypothesis is rejected - it can be revisited in future studies.

Chapter 3: 1. This figure shows the four stages of continental rifting. First, drag each of the four descriptions to its appropriate position on the figure, and then drag each of the three place names to the figure that best represents the modern-day setting of that place. 2. Drag each feature name into the lower box near its proper place. Into the place above the feature name, drag the description that best describes how this feature forms. 3. This figure shows parts of South America, Africa, and the intervening Atlantic Ocean. Drag the label for each tectonic feature to its correct position on the figure 4. On this map of the world, drag the label for each tectonic plate to its correct position on the figure.

5. Correctly complete this sentence using the words provided. - If the entire area (both sides of the ridge) shown in this figure is 240 kilometers wide, and the oldest crust is 4 million years old, the approximate spreading rate is 60 kilometers per million years. 6. Use your knowledge of plate boundaries to answer whether a volcano is likely or unlikely to form at the location of the red triangle. - Likely 7. Use your knowledge of plate boundaries to answer whether a volcano is likely or unlikely to form at the location of the red triangle. - Unlikely

- 1 and 3 11. Use your knowledge of plate boundaries to answer whether an earthquake is likely or unlikely to occur at the location of the red circle. - Likely 12. The safest place for humans to live, away from volcanic activity and earthquakes, is: - 5 13. Use your knowledge of plate boundaries to answer whether an earthquake is likely or unlikely to occur at the location of the red circle. - Unlikely

14. Use your knowledge of plate boundaries to answer whether an earthquake is likely or unlikely to occur at the location of the red circle. - Likely 15. This movie shows topographic relief on the land and depths to the seafloor beneath the oceans. Lowest elevations on land are shown in green and the highest elevations are shown in shades of brown. Stop the movie where North America is visible. Where on this continent is the highest elevation? - Along the West Coast. 16. This movie shows the distribution of volcanoes as orange triangles. Which of the following is a valid generalization? - Volcanoes are mostly distributed in belts. 17. This movie shows the locations of plate boundaries, with divergent boundaries shown in yellow, convergent boundaries shown in red, and transform boundaries shown in green. Stop the movie where you can observe both North and South America. Where are plate boundaries located along these two continents? - Along the west coasts. 18. This movie shows the distribution of earthquakes as yellow dots. Which of the following is a valid generalization? - Earthquakes are mostly distributed in belts. 19. This movie shows the locations of the major tectonic plates, showing the names of each plate. Stop the movie where the African plate is entirely visible. Which of the following is a valid generalization? - Most edges of the African continent are not at plate boundaries, except in the north. 20. The process of one plate sliding beneath another plate is called - subduction. 21. Ridge push involves

26. Which of these features is a strong indicator that the eastern coast of South America is a passive margin? - wide continental shelf 27. What types of plate boundaries are shown in this figure? - divergent and transform 28. On the accompanying figure, which letter is likely over oceanic crust that is similar in age to that beneath letter E? - B 29. A force that is important in driving plate tectonics is - slab pull. - ridge push - upwelling mantle, such as in hot spots.

30. On the accompanying figure, which letter is over the youngest oceanic crust? - C 31. The puzzle-like fit of the continents, similarity of rock types across continents, and glacial evidence all were pieces of evidence supporting Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift. What was another piece of supporting evidence? - Similar fossils were found distributed across multiple continents. 32. Magnetic patterns develop on the seafloor as basaltic lava erupts and cools, and - iron-rich minerals align with Earth's magnetic field. 33. Intense geologic activity occurs at plate - boundaries. 34. A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a(n) - mid-ocean ridge. 35. Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because - the lithosphere is thinner and hotter. 36. What causes magnetic stripes on the seafloor, such as those shown here? - Sometimes Earth’s magnetic field points north and sometimes it points south. 37. Mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the seafloor. The elevation of the seafloor - decreases away from the mid-ocean ridge because of the cooling and contraction of the rocks. 38. Ancient coal beds in Antarctica support the continental drift hypothesis by suggesting that - Antarctica was closer to the equator than it is now.

- Seafloor is added to both sides during seafloor spreading. 47. Select the statement that best describes how the process of plate tectonics circulates materials between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere. - Some asthenosphere becomes lithosphere at mid-ocean spreading centers and reenters the asthenosphere at subduction zones. 48. A convergent plate boundary is most likely associated with - an oceanic trench. 49. This figure depicts what type of boundary? - ocean-continent convergent boundary 50. Slab pull refers to - subducting lithosphere.