41WhatisaMineral
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Northeast State Community College *
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101
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Geology
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Feb 20, 2024
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RG 4.1 What is a Mineral?
Directions: Complete the following questions as you read the textbook section. Remember to use the questions to guide your reading. Do NOT Google the answers, copy someone else’s, or scan the text for the answer. That is not the point. This assignment is to guide your reading of the material to help you better understand the text.
I. Metacognition: By the end of this unit you are expected to be able to do/complete all the learning targets below. Your teacher will help you understand this material, but it is ultimately your responsibility. Constantly ask yourself whether or not you are meeting these targets, and what are you doing to master them?
Big Idea: Minerals are naturally occurring, solid, inorganic compounds or elements.
Chapter Outline: Please read the learning targets below, checking the circle next to each one.
4.1 What is a Mineral?
⃝
List the characteristics that define minerals.
⃝
Describe how minerals form.
⃝
Descibe how minerals are classified.
II. Vocabulary Building:
Due Date: __________________
How am I going to learn the terms? ⃝
Make flashcards of all vocabulary terms and definitions.
⃝
Make a flip chart including all vocabulary terms and definitions.
⃝ Quizlet
⃝
Other Ideas (teacher approved)? _____________________________________________
III. Guided Reading: To be answered as you read the section from the textbook.
1.
Define naturally occurring in terms of mineral formation.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2.
Describe the atomic arrangement of a crystal.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3.
Differentiate between subjective and objective mineral properties.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1
4.
Complete the table below on characteristics used to identify minerals.
Test
Description
Example
Luster
Hardness
Cleavage
and Fracture
Streak
Color
Special
Properties
Texture
Density and
Specific
Gravity
5.
What is the purpose of the Mohs Scale of Hardness?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
Use the reading, data table, and graphs below to answer the following 5 ACT Prep
questions.
Rocks
Spent fuel
(SF), a radioactive waste, is often buried underground in canisters for disposal. As it decays, SF generates high heat and raises the temperature of the surrounding rock, which may expand and crack, allowing radioactivity to escape into the environment. Scientists wanted
to determine which of 4 rock types—rock salt, granite, basalt, or shale—would be least affected
by the heat from SF. The thermal conductivity
(how well heat is conducted through a material) and heating trends of the 4 rock types were studied.
Study 1: Fifty holes, each 0.5 m across and 20 m deep, were dug into each of the following: a rock salt
deposit, granite bedrock, basalt bedrock, and shale bedrock. A stainless steel canister containing 0.4 metric tons of SF was buried in each hole. The rock temperature was measured next to each canister after 1 year had passed. The results are shown in Table 1, along with the typical thermal conductivity of each rock type, in Watts per meter per °C (W/m°C), at 25°C. The higher the thermal conductivity, the more quickly heat is conducted through the rock and away from the canisters.
Table 1
Rock
Thermal conductivity
(W/m°C)
Rock temperature
(°C)*
Rock salt
Granite
Basalt
Shale
5.70
2.80
1.26
1.57
110
121
165
146
*All rock types had an initial temperature of 10°C.
Study 2
The scientists determined the thermal
conductivity of the 4 rock types at a number of
different temperatures between 0°C and 400°C.
The results are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
3
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Study 3
The scientists calculated the temperature increase
that would be expected over a period of 100,000 yr in
each rock type at a point within a site holding buried
SF. The results are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
1.
According to Study 2, the thermal conductivity
of rock salt measured at a temperature of
500°C would be closest to which of the following values?
a.
1.0 W/m°C
b.
2.0 W/m°C
c.
3.5 W/m°C
d.
4.0 W/m°C
2.
According to Study 3, if another set of temperatures had been calculated for a time 1,000,000 years in the future, the calculated temperature increase in any of the 4 rock types would most likely be closest to:
a.
0°C
b.
10°C
c.
20°C
d.
30°C
3.
Welded tuff
(another rock type) has a thermal conductivity of 1.8 W/m°C at 25°C. If measurements of the temperature of this rock type adjacent to SF canisters were taken as in Study 1, the recorded temperature would be closest to:
a.
100°C
b.
110°C
c.
120°C
d.
130°C
4.
According to the results of Study 1, which of the following best describes the relationship between thermal conductivity and rock temperature? As thermal conductivity increases, the rock temperature recorded adjacent to buried SF canisters:
a.
Decreases only.
b.
Increases only.
c.
Increases then decreases.
d.
Remains the same.
5.
Based only on the information provided, which of the following rock types would be the safest in which to bury SF?
a.
Rock salt
b.
Granite
c.
Basalt
d.
Shale
4
IV. Chapter Vocabulary and Root Words: Create a memory cue for each term. The cue could be
a sketch, the term used in a sentence, an example, or described in your own words.
Term
Definition
Memory Cue
Mineral
Naturally occurring, inorganic
solid with a specific chemical
composition and a definite
crystalline structure.
Crystal
Solid in which atoms are
arranged in repeating
patterns.
Luster
The way that a mineral reflects
light from its surface; two
types – metallic and
nonmetallic.
Hardness
Measure of how easily a
mineral can be scratched,
which is determined by the
arrangements of a mineral’s
atoms.
Cleavage
The manner in which a mineral
breaks along planes where
atomic bonding is weak.
Fracture
Fracture or system of fractures
in Earth’s crust that occurs
when stress is applied Streak
Color a mineral leaves when it
is rubbed across an unglazed
porcelain plate or when it is
broken up and powdered.
5
V. Learning Targets: Read the following learning targets and complete the table with evidence you know that objective. This could include a sentence, a picture, etc. You MUST
complete this section for credit.
Learning Target
Evidence
1. List the characteristics that define minerals.
2. Describe how minerals form.
3. Describe how minerals are classified.
6
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