Fossil Lab-2

Name: Mahdiya, Tehreem, Thanmai, AJ THE EVOLUTION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS THE EVOLUTION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS Introduction Have you ever wondered what other extinct animals have lived on earth in addition to dinosaurs? Have you ever wondered how and when such enormously successful animals went extinct? This lab will introduce you to many other extinct animals and help you understand why extinctions are important historical events to study. Part I. Pick your group of extinct animals Most animal species that have ever lived are now extinct! Working with another student (or a small group of students), go to the last page of this activity and choose one of the extinct (or mostly extinct) groups of animals to focus on for this activity. Each student group should focus on a different group of animals. 1. What group of extinct animals are you studying for this activity? Lingulata 2. Use the internet to find reputable sources that describe the biology of your chosen group. Briefly describe how the animals lived . (For example, did they live underwater or on land? Could they crawl or walk or swim or fly, or where they immobile? Did they eat plants, other animals, microscopic algae, or microscopic organisms in mud?) Make sure to write down what sources you used for this information. - They lived on soft, muddy land in rain forest for the moisture and also in the ocean. - https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/188993-Aetheolaena-lingulata - The lingulata uses its long pedicle to burrow into sediments on the ocean floor. It earned its name due to the tongue-like shape of its shell. - Brachiopod Classification (fossils-facts-and-finds.com) - To eat they filter particles and detritus (dead organic matter) out of the water - https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/brachiopoda/ 3. Draw (or print and attach) a picture of a typical animal in your group.

Part II. Introduction to the geological timescale Since the 1700s, geologists (scientists who study the earth, including rocks, earthquakes, volcanoes, streams, and fossils) have used fossils to develop the geological timescale. It wasn't until the 20 th century, however, that they were able to add specific dates. Figure 1 shows a recent

Open the PBDB Navigator and spend some time getting comfortable with how it works: https://paleobiodb.org/navigator/ https://paleobiodb.org/navigator/ The Navigator consists of three parts: 1) Map ( CENTER ) showing continents with dots representing fossil data. The color of these dots represents their geologic age. If you click on the dots, you can see all of the information on each fossil locality and the plants, animals, and other fossil life that occur there. 2) Geologic time scale ( BOTTOM ) showing the major eras and periods (and their subdivisions called stages). If you click on the timescale, the map will show you the location of all known fossil localities from that time interval. 3) Tool bar ( LEFT ) showing the tools you can use to explore the database. These include: zoom in/out on the map reconstructs plate tectonic configurations for time interval you are exploring narrow down which taxonomic group is plotted on map create a diversity curve for the occurrences currently plotted on map download the data (lat/long, geologic age, etc.) for the occurrences plotted on map Need help? Here’s a Youtube video to help you get started: www.youtube.com/watch?v=db2He3p- Jco https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=db2He3p-Jco 6. On the PBDB Navigator homepage, look under the map to the geological timescale. Are the oldest rocks to the left or to the right on this timescale? Explain how you know this. The oldest rocks on the scale are to the left of the scale. This can be known by the scale of years underneath. The Cambrian period, which marks the start of the Paleozoic period, was 541 million years ago; the Triassic period, which marks the start of the Mesozoic period, was 252.17 million years ago; the Paleogene period, which marks the start of the Cenozoic Period, was 66 million years ago. Diversity curves graph the history of life Diversity curves allow paleontologists to graph how many different kinds of fossil animals (or plants or protists) existed on earth during different geological time intervals. They are especially

important for telling us (a) when a group of animals first evolved on earth, (b) when that group diversified (increased in diversity) and became common on earth, and (c) when that group went extinct . Let's make a diversity curve for the group of extinct animals you chose in Part I above. 7. Type the name of your animal group in the search box on the top-right corner of the PBDB Navigator window. (Make sure to spell it exactly correctly!) When you see the name in the drop-down box, select it. You will now see the dots change on the map, showing you where fossils of these animals have been discovered. Each color corresponds to a unique color on the geological timescale on the bottom of the page. (The pictures on the right will show you a cartoon drawing of major subgroups of your chosen group.) 8. Make a diversity curve for your group by clicking the tool on the left side. You will see a new window show up. (The default settings are fine to use.) Save this image (using the tools on the right side of the diversity window). Print the diversity curve and attach it to this activity. Make sure to write the name of the group of animals on your diversity curve! The y-axis plots diversity , the number of different kinds of animals that occur in the fossil record during each time interval. (Technically, the graph is plotting genus diversity, or the number of groups of closely related species in different genera.) Lingulata

a. Late Ordovician mass extinction: was heavily affected by the extinction b. Late Devonian mass extinction (occurring throughout the end of the Devonian Period and not just as the very end of the Devonian): was not affected by the extinction c. Late Permian mass extinction: Brachiopods: was not affected by the mass extinction d. Late Triassic mass extinction: Brachiopods: was heavily affected by the extinction e. Late Cretaceous mass extinction: Brachiopods: was not affected mass extinction 16. Which mass extinction was the most catastrophic for your group? Explain your answer. - The Ordovician-silurian Extinction is when the population was affected the most. The population almost went extinct, but some still survived. It was the biggest drop after its most diverse period in population sense. 17. If your animal group is extinct today, did its extinction occur during a mass extinction? Explain your answer. - Although few remain our species still is alive today. 18. If you went back in a time machine 100 or 400 million years ago, do you think the kinds of animals (and plants) you would observe on earth would be similar to those living today, or would life be quite different? Explain your answer. - There would be quite different as species evolve substantially over time. Given the era (400 million years) that we are going back to they would be different. Part IV. Sharing your results (Optional) Compare your results above with your classmates, making sure to share both the diversity curve and an overview of what kind of animals your group included. Make sure to explain also how your group was affected by the five mass extinctions. Telling geological time using fossils

You are becoming a very good paleontologist now! Let's see if you can find a good group of animal fossils to use to tell time, the same way paleontologists do. (Technically, we name these useful fossils index fossils because they indicate a particular geological age.) 19. What animal group(s) were most diverse during the early Paleozoic Era (such as during the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian Periods)? - Cambrian era: Trilobita, Regulares, Problematica, Lingulata, Hellcionelloida, Hyolitha, Irregulares, ANthropoda - Ordovician era: Trilobita, Rhynchonellata, Strophomenata, Gastropoda, Stenolaemata, Cephalopoda, Graptolithina, Bivalvia - Silurian era: Rhynchonellata, Anthozoa, Strophomenata, Trilobita, Conodonta, Gastropoda, Graptolithina, Bivalvia, Ostracoda, Crinoidea, Stenolaemata, Stromatoporoidea, Lingulata, Merostomata 20. What animal group(s) were most diverse during the late Paleozoic Era (such as during the Carboniferous and Permian Periods)? - Carboniferous: Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Foraminifera, Cnidaria, Bryozoa, Pteridophyta. - Permian: Strophomenata, Phynchonellata, Foraminifera, Bivalvia, Stenolaemata, Ostracoda, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda. 21. What animal group(s) were most diverse during the Mesozoic Era? - Mollusca, Radiolaria, Brachiopoda, Arthropoda, Foraminifera, Cnidaria, Reptilia, Echinodermata. 22. What animal group(s) were most diverse during the Cenozoic Era? - Mollusca, Mammalia, Arthropoda, Anthozoa, Foraminifera, Magnoliopsida, Reptilia, Chondrichthyes. 23. What animal groups went extinct during the Late Permian mass extinction? - Eupelycosauria, Rugosa, Rostroconchia, Trilobita, Blastoidea, Eupelycosauria . 24. What animal groups went extinct during the Late Cretaceous mass extinction? - Mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, early mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and insects.

and sometimes in rapid bursts, however if the changes in the environment occur too rapidly in a way that makes life on Earth harder for some if not all species than there is a greater chance of mass extinction compared to the low chance that most if not all species are able to evolve quickly enough to combat the change and survive. If not anything else, it will cause the extinction of parent species and possibly bring about new branches to the evolutionary tree of life of those species and daughter species who were able to adapt and evolve. Changes in the environment such as climate change, global warming, changing sea levels, pollution, etc. can cause extinction as the current environmental conditions are required for the survival of the species that inhibit Earth today. Changes would lead to competition in food, poor environmental conditions in terms of shelter, food, breathing if air quality is affected, etc.

LIST OF EXTINCT GROUPS OF ANIMALS Below is a list of major groups of extinct (or nearly so) animals. Also provided is a guide to pronunciation, the basic kind of animal, and sometimes with a famous genus. Rugosa ( Rue-go'-suh , a group of Paleozoic corals) Tabulata ( Tab'-ewe-la-tuh , a group of Paleozoic corals) Lingulata ( Ling'-ewe-lah'-tuh , a group of primarily Paleozoic brachiopods) Strophomenata ( Strow'-foe-men'-ah-tuh , a group of Paleozoic brachiopods) Hyolithida ( Hi-oh-lith'-ih-duh , a group of Paleozoic mollusk-like animals) Rostroconchia ( Ro'-strow-conch'-ee-uh , a group of Paleozoic mollusks) Orthocerida ( Ore'-tho-sehr'-ih-duh , a group of Paleozoic cephalopod mollusks) Goniatitida ( Gohn'-ee-uh-tid'-uh-duh , a group of Paleozoic cephalopod mollusks) Ammonitida ( Amm'-oh-nid'-uh-duh , a group of Mesozoic cephalopod mollusks) Belemnitida ( Beh-lem'-nid'-uh-duh , a group of Mesozoic cephalopod mollusks) Trilobita ( Try-low-buy'-tuh , a group of Paleozoic arthropods) Eurypterida ( You-rip'-tuhr-uh-duh , a group of Paleozoic arthropods) Crinoidea ( Cry-noi'-dee-uh , a group of primarily Paleozoic echinoderms) Blastoidea ( Blass-toi'-dee-uh , a group of Paleozoic echinoderms) Edrioasteroidea ( Ee-dree'-oh-ass'-tuhr-oy'-dee-uh , a group of Paleozoic echinoderms) Eocrinoidea ( Ee'-oh-cry-noi'-dee-uh , a group of Paleozoic echinoderms) Rhombifera ( Rohm-bih'-fur-uh , a group of Paleozoic echinoderms) Eupelycosauria ( You-pell'-ih-co-sar'-ee-uh , a suborder of Paleozoic vertebrates, including Dimetrodon ) Dicynodontia ( Die-sigh'-no-don'-tee-uh , a subgroup of Paleozoic and Mesozoic vertebrates) Dinosauria ( Dye'-no-sar'-ee-uh , a group of Mesozoic reptiles) o Note that biologists consider birds descendants (living members) of the dinosaurs, and so if you choose this group, you will also have to study the "true bird" group Aves ( Aye'-vees ) and then subtract out the birds from the larger group Dinosauria to focus just on the "extinct" dinosaurs that were not birds. Plesiosauria ( Please'-ee-oh-sar'-ee-uh , a group of Mesozoic reptiles) Pterosauria ( Terr'-ah-sar'-ee-uh , a group of Mesozoic reptiles) Mosasauria ( Moh'-suh-sar'-ee-uh , a group of Mesozoic reptiles) Ichthyosauria ( Ick'-thee-oh-sar'-ee-uh , a group of Mesozoic reptiles)