Chapter 9 - Guiding Questions - Josten
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Chapter 9 - Guiding Questions
1.
Name at least two reasons why natural primary forests contain more
biodiversity than even-aged, single-species forestry plantations.
Natural primary forests contain more biodiversity than even-aged, single-species
forestry plantations because older forests contain more structural diversity and
thus more microhabitats and resources for more species.
2.
Describe three ecosystem services that forests provide.
Three ecosystem services that forests provide are providing oxygen (via
photosynthesis), providing wood for fuel, and providing habitats for animals we
consume.
3.
Name several major causes of deforestation. Where is deforestation
most severe today?
Several major causes of deforestation are:
●
Expansion of Agriculture
●
Extension of Cultivation on Hill Slopes
●
Shifting Cultivation
●
Cattle Ranching
●
Firewood Collection
●
Timber Harvesting
Deforestation is most severe today in developing countries, like southeast Asia,
Africa, & S. America
4.
Compare and contrast maximum sustainable yield, ecosystem-based
management, and adaptive management. How may pursuing maximum
sustainable yield sometimes affect populations and communities?
Maximum sustainable yield are resources that are extracted to the max without
depleting. Ecosystem-based management decreases the impact on the
ecosystem- not to max. Adaptive management finds methods or approaches to
test and improve the methods of resource utilization. Pursuing maximum
sustainable yield keeps the population at only 1/2 of the carrying capacity.
Reducing a population this way will affect other species & alter the food webs
dynamics of the community.
5.
Compare and contrast the major methods of timber harvesting. Which
methods keep forest ecosystems most intact?
-clearcutting: all trees in a given area are harvested, leaving a potential major
impact on the ecosystem, but providing the most cost-efficient method of
harvesting trees.
-seed-tree system: are left standing singly or in groups to produce seeds for
regeneration. After a new crop is established, these seed trees are removed or
left indefinitely. The chief distinction from the shelter wood system is that the
seed trees are retained only for seed production and not enough to provide
shelter.
-selection system: manages the establishment, continued growth and final
harvest of multiple age classes (usually three) of trees within a stand
-The method that keeps forest ecosystems most intact is the selection systems,
because although there is still much shade for the trees which blocks the
sunlight, this method preserves species diversity.
6.
Describe several ecological impacts of logging. How has the U.S. Forest
Service responded to public concern over these impacts?
Logging impacts the environment in many ways:
-the timber harvest itself, that is, the removal of trees from the forest
-the disturbance caused by logging operations
.
-alters species composition
-the structure of the forest
-can cause nutrient depletion.
The U.S. Forest Service responded to public concern over these impacts by
implementing regulations and guidelines to minimize these impacts.
7.
Are forest fires a bad thing? Explain your answer. How do people use
fire in a positive way?
I believe that forest fires are a bad thing overall. I believe this because severe
wildfires destroy valuable timber resources and weaken trees leaving them
susceptible to disease and insects. However, people use fire in a positive way by
adding nutrients back into the soil, clearing out the dead plants, and helping the
cycle of woods’ growth,etc
8.
Name at least three reasons that people have created parks and
reserves. How do national parks differ from national wildlife refuges?
What is a wilderness area?
People have created parks and reserves to
1. protection of biodiversity
2. revenue generated from ecotourism
3. watershed protection & flood management
4. recreational activities
National parks differ from national wildlife refugees because refugees aren't
available (for the most part) for camping. They are used for wildlife observation,
photography, education, hunting, and fishing. A wilderness area is undeveloped
land- hiking, nature study & recreational activities.
9.
What percentage of Earth’s land is protected? Describe one type of
protected area that has been established outside North America.
12% of Earth’s land is protected. One type of protected area that has been
established outside of North America is the Mountain Gorilla reserve in Africa.
Biosphere reserves- areas with exceptional biodiversity that are managed by the
United Nations.
10.Give two examples of how forest fragmentation affects animals. How
might research like that of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments
Project help us design reserves?
Two examples of how forest fragmentation affects animals are reducing food &
habitat sources for animals & splits populations apart. Research like that of the
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project might help us design reserves
by educating us and giving us the data/ facts to help us improve the areas that
need the most improvement.
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