Hist 260 Ch 9S-Jacqueline L.
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Chapter 9: Classical, and Medieval Japan and Korea
NAME:
Jacqueline LaCombe
(population of Japan today is about 126 million and Korea has about 76 million (including North
and South)
1.) Where did settlement in mountainous Japan become concentrated?
On the narrow coastal plain, mainly between modern Tokyo and Osaka.
2.) What would mountains mean for Japans political unity and economy (until late 1500’s)?
It slowed Japan’s economic development and caused their political unity to come late into 1600.
3.) What is Japan’s great agricultural advantage?
Its mild maritime climate, the surrounding sea keeps it humid, mild in the winter, and largely free of
droughts that plague northern China.
4.) Why has most people living on the eastern coastline been a blessing for Japan?
Sea routes have helped to link settled areas and carry trade. The sea provides fish and other seafood that
have always formed an important part of the diet and since they live near the sea, this is convienient.
5.) What are rivers like in Japan?
Short and swift, carrying most of their silt loads into the sea rather than depositing them along their
lower courses or deltas.
6.) How has Japan produced some of the highest rice yields (per each acre) in the world since 1870?
Through a combination of intense fertilization and the development of improved crop strains. All of this
rested on Japan's remarkable success in industrialization and technological development.
7.) Besides people and rice, what things entered Japan via Korea in Yayoi times (300 BCE – 300 CE)?
Practical iron tools and bronze and pottery wheel.
8.) How did Chinese records from 290 CE describe the Japanese people?
Japanese were a law-abiding people who depended on agriculture and fishing and observed strict social
differences that were marked by tattooing.
9.) What did the 290 CE Chinese accounts say about Japanese religion and a Japanese queen?
Account of the Three Kingdoms says
the Japanese respected divination and ritual. It speaks of the
unmarried queen as a kind of priestess who ruled over several “kingdoms” or clas. She was considered
important enough to have one of the largest tombs and mounds erected for her on her death.
10.) In the Japanese myth, what three things did Ninigi (grandson of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu) bring
down to earth?
Three imperial regalia, still the symbols of imperial authority in Japan: a bronze mirror (symbol of the
sun), an iron sword, and a necklace made of curved jewels somewhat in the shape of bear claws.
11.) What is Ninigi’s grandson called?
First "emperor;' and is given a Chinese-style title as Jimmu, the "Divine Warrior'.
12.) What kind of society was Japan in the 5
th
century (long after the fall of China’s Han Dynasty)?
tribal society
13.) What dramatic and awesome reminders of the power of nature does Japan experience?
Active volcanoes, occasional tidal waves, frequent earthquakes, and the yearly visitation of typhoons in
late summer and fall, which can do enormous damage.
14.) Where do kami (divine spirits) live (or embody) themselves?
Mountains, waterfalls, large trees, and even rocks.
15.) What did Prince Shotoku’s “17 Article Constitution” promote?
The supremacy of the ruler and established an officialdom on the Chinese pattern, based on ability and
with a set of court ranks for officials.
16.) Who were the main members of the large embassies sent by Japan to China in order to learn Chinese
culture?
Students, scholars, and Buddhist monks
17.) What major movement (called Taika) did the Emperor Tenchi and Fujiwara Kamatari begin?
A major movement of reform designed to sweep away what remained of earlier forms of government and
to replace them on a wholesale basis with Chinese forms
18.) What was the city of Nara built as a copy of?
Chang'an, the Tang capital, and was the first real city in Japan.
19.) What is still apparent in the layout of the city of Kyoto (Heian) today?
The original checkerboard layout
20.) After the time of Kammu (r. 781 – 806), what (limited) role did the Japanese emperor play?
ceremonial and symbolic role
21.) How were officials in Japan different than in China?
Japanese emperors depended on local leaders
22.) What works of art were in place and dedicated at the Todaiji Temple in Nara in 752?
An enormous bronze figure of the Buddha.
23.) What did Japanese do with their dead (instead of tombs)?
They burned their dead
24.) What did Chinese Daoism and Japanese Shinto have in common?
The admiration of nature and the idea that humans should live in harmony with it.
25.) What were Japanese written phonetic syllables (kana) derived from?
Derived from simplified versions of Chinese characters.
26.) What did private estates (shoen) acquire the aspects of?
Small local states
27.) What does much of “Genji” and other literature of this time deal with?
Affairs among the court aristocrats.
28.) What doctrine did Pure Land (Jodo) Buddhism focus on?
Rebirth and a “degenerate age” into the Pure Land Paradise, which is presided over by the Buddha Amida.
29.) Who were the samurai?
Samurai- a hereditary aristocratic group who were both educated and trained in the arts of
war-"gentlemen warriors;' as they have been called-had developed out of the frontier wars as Japanese
settlement spread north beyond the Yamato area.
30.) What was bushido?
"the way of the warrior;' which became a dominant code stressing bravery, indifference to pain and
exhaustion, and determination to win against all odds.
31.) What did the victorious Minamoto clan set up as a capital?
A rival capital in its then frontier base at Kamakura (now a southern suburb of Tokyo).
32.) What kind of hierarchy did the shogun preside over?
Feudal hierarchy
of lords who were bound to the emperor in loyalty assured by oaths, periodic homage,
certain payments, and promises of military support.
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33.) How did the samurai (bushi) values change women’s status?
As the centuries of fighting wore on, women were more and more reduced to a subservient role of caring
for and supporting their husbands. Men/boys were looked as more favorable.
34.) What had happened to the Ashikaga Shogunate by 1467?
Ashikaga rule ended and much of Kyoto was destroyed, but continued in name.
35.) What marks the boundary of Korea in the northwest (at the top of the Korean peninsula)?
Mountains along its northwestern base adjacent to Manchuria and by the gorge of the Yalu River.
36.) After the fall of the Han in 220 CE, who would now usually rule Korea?
What happened in 1910?
Koreans regained their indepence, thus ruling themselves, until the Japanese takeover in 1910.
37.) What were the names of the three kingdoms of Korea?
Paekche, Silla, and Koguryo
38.) What prevented Korea from adopting China’s more open examination system (the meritocracy)?
Korea's long tradition of a hereditary aris tocracy within a hierarchically ordered society of privilege.
39.) What happened in 669?
With the help from the Tang, Silla succeeded in conquering Koguryo, after having earlier demolished
Paekche. With its now-united strength and new sense of Korean nationalism.
40.) What “secret formula” of Koreans did the Chinese admire?
A beautiful celadon-ware porcelain with its subtle milky-green, jade-colored glaze.
41.) What happened much later on in the 15
th
century under King Sejong (r. 1418 – 1450)?
A new phonetic system to write Korean:
hangiil
.
42.) What happened in 935?
How was the capital of Kaesong designed?
Silla control weakened by the tenth century and was supplanted by a usurper who named his new state
Koryo (abbreviated from Koguryo and the origin name Korea). Kpryo capital was built on the planned
imperial model of Tang Chang'an and incorporated most of the Chinese system of government.
43.) What happened in 1392?
1392 a Koryo general, Yi Song-gye, rebelled against the court and established a new dynasty, renaming
the country Choson, which his descendents ruled until 1910.
44.) By the mid-18
th
century, what had happened to women’s status in Chosun (Yi) society?
Women had been relegated to the traditionally inferior position characteristic of Confucian societies.
45.) Between 1403 and 1484, what would Korea be the first country to use extensively?
Extensive use of movable type in printing projects.
46.) During the late 1500’s Japanese invasion, what did Admiral Yi Sun-sin become famous for?
His use of “turtle ships” to defeat naval detachments and disrupt their supply lines.