unit 4 frq (1)
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology *
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Course
085
Subject
Geography
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
12
Uploaded by DrCheetahMaster462
1.
Write your answers in the spaces provided. Refer to the figure or diagram to answer the question. Where
explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information and/or specific
examples.
The diagram below illustrates the relative economic costs of air pollutants in the United States.
(a) Based on the information in the map,
describe
the pattern of economic cost associated with
.
(b)
Describe
a solution for reversing the pattern of economic damage seen for
in the eastern United States.
(c) Using the information in the maps,
describe
an area in the United States that would likely experience very low
levels of photochemical smog.
(d)
Identify
one of the mapped pollutants and
explain
how the average annual amount of precipitation and the
location of the sources of the pollutant lead to its pattern of economic damage.
(e) A farmer in the central United States believes that incorporating crop rotation will reduce emissions of one of
the mapped air pollutants.
Identify
one of the mapped air pollutants the farmer could accurately be thinking will
be reduced and
make a claim
using evidence that supports this assertion.
Some of the agricultural practices that emerged from the Green Revolution could have contributed to the air
pollutants shown in the maps, and others did not negatively impact air pollution.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
AP Environmental Science
Page 1 of 12
(f)
Identify
and
describe
one method that emerged during the Green Revolution that would not contribute to air
pollution, but has negatively impacted soil erosion.
(g)
Make a claim
that proposes a solution to the problem identified in part (f).
(h) For the solution proposed in part (g),
describe
one disadvantage or unintended consequence that could result
from the solution.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
Page 2 of 12
AP Environmental Science
2.
Write your answers in the spaces provided. Refer to the figure or diagram to answer the question. Where
explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information and/or specific examples.
Energy from the Sun drives the Earth’s climate and weather. The most intense solar radiation arrives at the
equator. Solar radiation leads to the greenhouse effect, which is essential for life on Earth.
(a) There is evidence that global climate change over the past 100 years has led to an increased warming of Earth
because of the greenhouse effect.
(i) Describe how the solar radiation that arrives at the equator is redistributed around the Earth through
atmospheric circulation.
(ii) Identify one human activity that could directly contribute to global climate change.
(iii) Describe how the activity identified in part (a)(ii) could affect the relative abundance of the major greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
(b) The model below shows a cross sectional view of El Niño conditions.
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UNIT 4 QUIZ
AP Environmental Science
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(i) Describe a change in ocean circulation that results from an El Niño event that is represented in the model.
(ii) Explain how a change in the atmosphere that results from El Niño conditions represented in the model would
affect Australia.
(iii) Describe one environmental effect resulting from the conditions represented in the model that could have a
negative effect on humans in western South America.
(c) A science class wanted to test the effects of an intensifying El Niño event on the amount of rainfall in their
local area in the southeastern United States. For a measure of El Niño intensity, they monitored sea surface
temperatures off the coast of Ecuador for a six-month period by consulting an oceanography Web site. They
measured rainfall locally with rain gauges for the same six-month period. The table below shows the results
compared to a typical or non-El Niño year.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
Page 4 of 12
AP Environmental Science
Sea surface temperature increase over six-
month period
Total rainfall over six-
month period
Typical normal (non-El
Niño) year
Current El Niño year
(i) Identify a dependent variable in the study.
(ii) Identify the control group in the study.
(iii) In addition to direct measurements, relative sea surface temperatures can be inferred with radar measurements
from satellites. Cold sea surface water will be further away from the satellite than warm sea surface water. Explain
why this occurs.
(iv) Describe how the results of the study would differ in total rainfall over a six-month period in the southeastern
United States if the data were collected during a La Niña year rather than an El Niño year.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
AP Environmental Science
Page 5 of 12
3.
Write your answers in the spaces provided. Refer to the figure or diagram to answer the question. Where
explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information and/or specific
examples.
The diagrams illustrate seasonal variations in global wind direction.
(a) Based on the information in the diagrams,
describe
the seasonal changes in global wind patterns between
January and July at location 1.
(b) Based on the information in the diagrams,
explain
why the days in location 5 have more hours of daylight in
December than the days in location 2 have in December.
(c) Based on the information in the diagrams,
explain
how the seasonal wind direction could affect local weather
at location 1.
(d) For winds in the Southern Hemisphere that blow out of the south and are directed northward toward the
equator, as shown in the diagrams,
identify
the direction toward which they are deflected and
explain
why this
deflection occurs.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
Page 6 of 12
AP Environmental Science
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(e) Every few years in the Southern Hemisphere, the winds over the Pacific Ocean, as shown in the diagrams,
weaken or reverse direction.
Describe
the typical change to the weather pattern that happens along the
northwestern coast of South America during those years.
(f)
Describe
one economic problem that is a result of the weather change described in part (e).
(g)
Identify
one characteristic of the expected climate on the slope of a mountain farthest from the ocean, when
the prevailing winds carry air from the ocean over land, up the slope of a mountain, and over the other side.
A community is considering switching from coal-fired power plants to using wind energy to generate electricity.
In order to decide what type of wind turbine is best for the area, an investigation was conducted to compare the
amount of electricity generated using different blade lengths. A series of wind turbines were assembled at a
location near the community and tested to compare the amount of electricity each wind turbine could produce.
Care was taken to make certain that each turbine was positioned to be exposed to the same wind direction and
speed.
(h) Other than positioning the turbines to be exposed to the same wind direction and speed,
identify
one variable
that would have been held constant in the investigation.
(i)
Identify
a reasonable hypothesis for the investigation.
(j)
Describe
how the proposed change from coal to wind could decrease the ecological footprint of the
community.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
AP Environmental Science
Page 7 of 12
4.
Write your answers in the spaces provided. Refer to the figure or diagram to answer the question. Where
explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information and/or specific
examples.
The diagrams illustrate seasonal variations in global wind direction.
(a) Based on the information in the diagrams,
describe
the seasonal changes in global wind patterns between
January and July at location 2.
(b) Based on the information in the diagrams,
explain
why the days in location 4 have fewer hours of daylight in
December than the days in location 1 have in December.
(c) Based on the information in the diagrams,
explain
how the seasonal wind direction could affect local weather
at location 2.
(d) For winds in the Northern Hemisphere that blow out of the south and are directed toward the north pole, as
shown in the diagrams,
identify
the direction toward which they are deflected and
explain
why this deflection
occurs.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
Page 8 of 12
AP Environmental Science
(e) Every few years in the Southern Hemisphere, the winds over the Pacific Ocean, as shown in the diagrams,
weaken or reverse direction.
Describe
the typical change to the weather pattern that happens in Southeast Asia
during those years.
(f)
Describe
one economic problem that is a result of the weather change described in part (e).
(g)
Identify
one characteristic of the expected climate in the region on the farthest side of a mountain from the
ocean, when the prevailing winds carry air from the ocean over land that includes a mountain range.
A community is considering switching from coal-fired power plants to using wind energy to generate electricity.
In order to decide what type of wind turbine is best for the area, an investigation was conducted to compare the
amount of electricity generated using different blade lengths. A series of wind turbines were assembled at a
location near the community and tested to compare the amount of electricity each wind turbine could produce.
Care was taken to make certain that each turbine was positioned to be exposed to the same wind direction and
speed.
(h)
Identify
the independent variable for the investigation.
(i)
Identify
one variable that was not mentioned in the investigation that could affect the results of the
investigation.
(j)
Describe
how constructing a wind farm could increase the ecological footprint of the community.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
AP Environmental Science
Page 9 of 12
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5.
Write your answers in the spaces provided. Refer to the figure or diagram to answer the question. Where
explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information and/or specific
examples.
The diagrams illustrate seasonal variations in global wind direction.
(a) Based on the information in the diagrams,
describe
the seasonal changes in global wind patterns between
January and July at location 3.
(b) Based on the information in the diagrams,
explain
why the days in location 4 have more hours of daylight in
June than the days in location 1 have in June.
(c) Based on the information in the diagrams,
explain
how the seasonal wind direction could affect local weather
at location 3.
(d) For winds in the Northern Hemisphere that blow out of the north and are directed southward toward the
equator, as shown in the diagrams,
identify
the direction toward which they are deflected and
explain
why this
deflection occurs.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
Page 10 of 12
AP Environmental Science
(e) Every few years in the Southern Hemisphere, the winds over the Pacific Ocean, as shown in the diagrams,
weaken or reverse direction.
Describe
the typical change to the weather pattern that happens along the
southwestern coast of North America during those years.
(f)
Describe
one economic problem that is a result of the weather change described in part (e).
(g)
Identify
one characteristic of the expected climate on the slope of a mountain nearest the ocean, when the
prevailing winds carry air from the ocean over land and up the slope of a mountain range.
A community is considering switching from coal-fired power plants to using wind energy to generate electricity.
In order to decide what type of wind turbine is best for the area, an investigation was conducted to compare the
amount of electricity generated using different blade lengths. A series of wind turbines were assembled at a
location near the community and tested to compare the amount of electricity each wind turbine could produce.
Care was taken to make certain that each turbine was positioned to be exposed to the same wind direction and
speed.
(h)
Identify
the dependent variable for the investigation.
(i)
Identify
one modification that could be made to the investigation that will alter the results.
(j)
Describe
how the manufacturing of wind turbine blades could increase the ecological footprint of the
community.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
AP Environmental Science
Page 11 of 12
6.
Directions:
The suggested time for answering this question is about 22 minutes. Where calculations are required,
clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers
with relevant information and/or specific examples.
Read the article below and answer the questions that follow.
10 FREMONT DAILY GAZETTE
El Nino Linked to Disease Epidemics
Scientists have long realized the strong linkage between the ocean and atmosphere and the effect of this linkage on
global climate patterns. Only recently however, have scientists established a possible link between climate change
and health-related epidemics. Every few years a dramatic climate shift known as the El Nino-South Oscillation
(ENSO) disrupts the normal interaction between ocean and atmosphere and alters the normal pattern of water
temperatures and winds. ENSOs occur every 3 to 5 years and typically last from several months to over a year.
During an El Nino, normal climate patterns are severely disrupted and the longer the phenomenon lasts, the more
disruptive it can be. When an ENSO lasts 12 months or longer it can also disrupt populations of oceanic and other
aquatic organisms and set off a series of environmental problems throughout the world. Recently scientists
studying ENSOs established a link between the climate-related changes during an El Nino event and the spread of
such diseases as cholera and yellow fever.
The linkage apparently is the result of changing surface temperatures during the event, producing conditions
suitable for the rapid spread of various vector-transmitted diseases in affect areas. The same changing conditions
are also linked to several other environmental problems.
Recently, scientists at the Max Planck Institute in German reported that, based on a computer simulated model,
human-induced global warming effects ENSOs. THe model predicts more frequent El Nino events with increases
in greenhouse gases, and if this model is correct, then we can expect further increases in disease epidemics in
various parts of the world.
a.
Describe what an El Niño is and clearly indicate where it occurs.
b.
Describe the connection between the climate change associated with an El Niño and the transmission of
diseases. Explain whether the article is correct in its reporting of the various disease epidemics that occur
in response to an El Niño.
c.
People in what part of the world would be most likely to be affected by this link between El Niño and
disease?
d.
Clearly describe two other important environmental problems associated with ENSOs.
Test Booklet
UNIT 4 QUIZ
Page 12 of 12
AP Environmental Science
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