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Lone Star College System, Woodlands *

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Geography

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Dec 6, 2023

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1. What is the Fertile Crescent and where is Gobekli Tepe situated in relation to it? The fertile crescent is an arc of mild climate and arable land from the Persian Gulf to present- day Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Egypt® (Curry, par. 4) . In relation to the Fertile crescent, "The Gobekli Tepe sits at the northern edge" of it (Curry, para. 4). 2. Professor Schmidt died in 2014. For what purpose did he employ ground-penetrating radar and geomagnetic surveys? Professor Schmidt used radar and geomagnetic surveys to pinpoint where at least 16 other megalith rings remain buried across 22 acres" (Curry, para. 5). 3. What non-metallic tools were employed in constructing the site around 9000 B.C.? Stone hammers and blades. 4. What does analysis of animal remains found at the site suggest? The analysis made in Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple, suggests that ancient people lived on a land with: "many animals, soft-flowing rivers, trees that produce fruits, and a large variety of barley and wheat" (Curry, 2008). 5. Some five centuries after Gobekli Tee's construction settled agricultural life developed. Strains of what crop have been found by plant geneticists but 20 miles away from the complex? "Genetists found domesticated strains of wheat" (Curry, 2008). 6. Schmidt argues that the extensive, coordinated effort to build the monoliths literally laid the groundwork for the development of complex societies, including the construction of what edifices? The construction of stone rings, megaliths, and settlement in areas came about as a result of coordinated effort. 7. Consider Stanford University archaeologist lan Hodder, who excavated Catalhoyuk, a prehistoric settlement 300 miles from Gobekli Tepe. What, according to him, necessarily predated the development of agricultural societies? According to lan Hodder, an Archaeologist, sociocultural changes come first and agriculture comes later" (Curry, 2008). 8. What symbolic interpretations have been made concerning the artistic representations of the vulture in the area in and around Gobekli Tepe? There has been notions that the vultures took "the flesh of the dead up to the heavens" (Curry. 2008). 9. Prior to his death, what did Professor Schmidt expect to find below the floor of the lowest structures at Gobekli Tepe? Schmidt was hoping to find the "final resting place for a society of hunters"

3 Section Ill: The Hyksos in Egypt What was Avaris to the Hyksos? Avaris is the capital. 2. The origin of the Hyksos lay in the Levant. Define the geographical area Levant is an area encompassing the countries surrounding the eastern Mediterranean" (Machemer, para, 1% 3. Avaris was largely abandoned for some time after mid-Sixteenth Century B.C.Why? According to Theresa Machemer, when the pharaohs reclaimed the territory they exiled the Hyksos rulers to southwest Asia™ (2020) 4. Why is the Hyksos assumption of power in Egypt no longer conceived in terms of an overt, hostile invasion? It was considered "an immigrant uprising because the isotope ratios found in enamel, which forms between ages 3 and B. can help help scientist determine whether an individual grew up "there Machemer. 2020) 5. Among others, Canaanite merchants and Hebrew shepherds and mercenaries dwelt in Avaris. These two groups were foreign to Egypt, as were the Semitic Hyksos. Where, in a land east of the Nile, did they later fight one another in a turf war recounted in the pages of the Old Scriptures? Northeastern Nile Delta. 6. Strontium levels found in the unearthed teeth of the ancient residents of Avaris suggest what to archeologists about the population there at its peak? The strontium levels suggested that people immigrated to Avaris from a range of places" (Machemer, 2020). 4 Section IM. The Assyrian Empire of Ancient Mesopotamia 1. Why is the library of Ashurbanipal significant? Where is it? The library is important because it can give people background information about the Aricient people in the Near East. It's located in Northern Mesopotamia. 2. in 721 BC, the Assyrians conquered The Northern Kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem was later captured in 586 BC by the Babylonians (Chaldeans) and the leaders of the city were hauled off for a long captivity.

3. Consider the dominant empires of Mesopotamia. The Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire flourished 750-600 BC the Persian Empire 550-330 BC. Before both was the Assyrian Empire, which flourished 750-600 BC. 4. Provide a detailed reason for the decline of the Assyrian imperial capacity to successfully meet threats. The Assyrians were already in a deteriorated state because they experienced drought, migration. sbandonment. 5. Why did the ancient stargazers document what they saw as the passage of heavenly bodies across the night sky? Ancient stargazers documented what they saw in the sky to predict what is going to happen in the future (Connolly. 2019). 6. How did (an ostensible) royal Mesopotamian sacrifice mitigate against evil portents? According to Yale News, "the only way to absorb the effects of the evil omen for the roval king to be sacrificed to continue his job. 7. Did the Assyrians deal in metaphor when they threatened to skin vou alive? Yes. the Assyrians did skin the people who refused to surrender cities to which the Assyrians had laid siege" (Connolly, 2019). Describe the geographical extent of the Neo- Assyrian Empire. According to Yale News. " the Neo-Assyrian Empire is centered in northern Iraq and extending from Iran to Egypt (Connolly, 2019) 9. Re the above question, wheat was the capital of the empire? The Capital was Nineveh 10 Why can it now be claimed that "History is no longer two dimensional; the historical stage is now three dimensional?" History is now three-dimensional because "paleoclimatologists and archaeologists are now able to identify environmental changes in the global history record that were unknown and inaccessible even 25 years ago" (Connolly, 2019).

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5 Section M. cthe Persian Empire The Zoroastrian faith of its people leads him to military conquest in the furtherance of the eschaton, meaning the end-time. The mines of the Iranian plateau produced which mineral nesources for the Persians? Iron, lapis lazuli, and copper. 3. The princes of the Iranian Plateau controlled the caravan routes west of Bactria, over which they shook down merchants bringing trade goods and the Zoroastrian faith. These princes became wealthy and expanded their territory into the Iranian Plateau with the clout of the Persians, a kindred people whom they originally dominated. 4. The position of Professor Richard Frye is that in antiquity religion was essentially culture. Moreover, it was seen by Near Eastern rulers as an arm of royal administration 5. While along the Nile, the pharaoh in the near east ruled as a god, between Sinal and the steppes a king built a temple for his nation's god and constructed a palace for himself as the god's earthly regent. 6. Dualism is a belief that reality consists of two distinct absolute and all-inclusive elements, most commonly identified today as matter and mind. Thus the Zoroastrian kings of Persia, supporters of the Good God or Ahura Mazda were committed to defeating the followers of the Evil Spirit or Ahriman anyone who refused to submit 7.In the Babylonian Captivity, some of the descendents or Assyrians in Mesopotamia were returned to Palestine at the direction of Cyrus, who was depicted in their scriptures as a type of the messiah, a deliverer from captivity. 8. Cyrus was keen that people should see some god as universal so that the idea of a universal god would confer legitimacy on the idea of a universal king of kings on earth".

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