Stream Erosion (1) - Tagged

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George Mason University *

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102

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Oct 30, 2023

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S T R E A M E R O S I O N Lab 8
L A N D S C A P E E V O L U T I O N How do landscapes change over time? • Tectonics. Erosion and Deposition. • Rivers evolve and migrate over time, changing the landscape through erosional and depositional features • Rivers can also be a sign of “maturity” of a landscape
R I V E R B A C K G R O U N D • Moving water has energy that can carry sediment Erosion and deposition • Rivers have channels, floodplains, terraces • Rivers move over time, both scouring the landscape and creating new features
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D R A I N A G E P AT T E R N S Overall behavior and flow of streams which reveal characteristics of geology Types of Patterns: • Dendritic – spreads evenly, classic tributaries • Radial – radiate outwards from single point • Trellis – tributaries joining at right angles • Rectangular – streams are rectangular • Parallel – streams form parallel to each other
D R A I N A G E P AT T E R N S - C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S • Dendritic – Horizontal beds, homogeneous structures Common to see acute angle junctions, randomness in streams
D R A I N A G E P AT T E R N S - C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S • Radial – Domes, volcanoes Streams flow from one high area
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D R A I N A G E P AT T E R N S - C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S • Trellis – Folded rock layers, heterogeneous structures Streams can be parallel with high-angle junctions
D R A I N A G E P AT T E R N S - C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S • Rectangular - Jointed or faulted rocks High-angle junctions or bends
D R A I N A G E P AT T E R N S - C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S • Parallel – Gently slopes and dips
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R I V E R VA L L E Y S • Degradational – lowering of fluvial surface, rivers are incising through landscape System is sediment starved, erosion taking place • Balanced – sediment supply is in line with transport No severe erosion or deposition, flat valleys, some aggradation • Aggradational – increase of land surface, rivers are depositing sediment Sediment supply is larger than system can handle • Terminal – slow aggradation, banks of river are stable River has reached “mature” stage and is not changing often
S TA G E S O F R I V E R S • Young • Mature • Old • Rejuvenated
S TA G E S O F R I V E R S • Young Steep slopes, “V” shaped valleys, common in mountains, forms canyons, rapids/waterfalls Erosion is dominant process (scouring, incising) • Mature Drainage pattern starts to become apparent Slope and energy are lower, start to form “meanders” and floodplain Vertical erosion (incising) continues, but we start to get lateral erosion as well
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M E A N D E R I N G A N D T E R R A C E S • As a river starts to mature and loses potential energy (flatter slopes), erosion begins to take place laterally as opposed to vertically • Water travelling faster along the outside of bends carry more energy and cut away at banks • This process causes bends or meanders in rivers, eventually causing them to migrate over time • As rivers migrate laterally and vertically, they form terraces (previous floodplains)
S TA G E S O F R I V E R S • Old Meanders and floodplains continue to develop, resulting in wide flat areas Most of the erosion is lateral, creating meanders and even cutting off meanders (oxbow lakes) Start getting river deltas • Rejuvenated As sea level falls (or land rises), the river’s “base level” gets lowered, and in turn increases the stream’s potential energy, forming more youthful features
S T R E A M S A N D L A N D S C A P E • Landscape evolves over time through many processes, a major one being streams • Drainage patterns give us hints about the overall geology and surface of an area • Streams change over time, and change the landscape around them Go from young to old to mature (and rejuvenation) We can identify stream and landscape characteristics to classify the area into a few categories relative age, and sediment supply etc.
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T O D AY ' S L A B • Due Online by 11:59pm Submission link will close at 11:59pm Late labs will receive 0 credit -5% penalty for failure to submit assignment as a PDF or Word doc • Pgs. 11-16 of Section 8
L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • Use Google Earth Online or Download the application We will be using software to complete the lab • Finding Lat & Long on Google Earth Select the Magnifying glass to Search a location Enter Study Area name into the search bar Place your curser at the center of your study area and record the Lat & Long coordinates at the lower right-hand of your screen.
L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 2 Soda Canyon, Colorado Use this Topographic Profile to answer A-C X Y X Y
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 2 Soda Canyon, Colorado; How to find Width of a Canyon • D-E: Either use your map on pg. 3 and a ruler to measure width or Use Google Earth • For Width • Using a Ruler, measure the distance between Terrace to Terrace. • Use inches or cm • Write your units • Use the map scale to find the real-life distance for the width • 1:62500
L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 2 Soda Canyon, Colorado; How to find Depth of a Canyon • D-E: Either use your map on pg. 3 and a ruler to measure width or Use Google Earth • Depth is the distance between the ledge and the bottom of a canyon • Use contour lines to identify the elevation heights • The top terrace will be the highest point • Rivers will be the lowest point
L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 3 Cross L Ranch Use this Topographic Profile to answer A-C X Y X Y
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 3 Cross L Ranch • D-E: Either use your map on pg. 4 and a ruler to measure width or Use Google Earth • Use the same steps you used from Part 2 to answer D-E • Skip the Southern Canyon
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 4 Alps Mesa, New Mexico Use this Topographic Profile to answer A-C X Y X Y
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 4 Alps Mesa, New Mexico • D-E: Either use your map on pg. 5 and a ruler to measure width or Use Google Earth • Use the same steps you used from Part 2 to answer D-E
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 5 Merrick Butte, Arizona, Monument Valley Use this Topographic Profile to answer A-C X Y X Y
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 5 Merrick Butte, Arizona, Monument Valley • D-E: Either use your map on pg. 6 and a ruler to measure width or Use Google Earth • Use the same steps you used from Part 2 to answer D-E
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 6 Stream Morphology: • Grand Teton National Park: 43 51' 59.77"N, 110 32' 56.37"W Answer A&B • Horseshoe Bend of the Colorado River: 36 52' 40.99"N, 111 30' 36.43"W Answer C-E
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L A B I N S T R U C T I O N S • 7 Drainage Patterns On Mars SKIP WHOLE PART!
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