Lab 2 Assignment FINAL.docx
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Georgia State University *
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Course
1101
Subject
Geography
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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Pages
8
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Lab 2: The Dynamic Planet
GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab
Name: ___Olivia____
I.
Why Does Earth Have Layers?
1.
What causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers?
The Earth has layers because, when it formed billions of years ago, it started as a hot, molten
mass. As it cooled down, heavier materials like iron sank to the center, forming the core,
while lighter materials rose to the surface, creating the crust
2.
What is the outermost layer of the Earth called?
The outermost layer of the Earth is called the crust, and it's made of solid rock.
3.
The chemical name for the middle layer is the __mantle_____, while the innermost layer is
called the _____core____.
4.
What is the importance of the element, iron (Fe)?
it is the most stable element produced outside a supernova, and
iron played a key role in
forming the Earth's core. The core's iron content generates the Earth's magnetic field, which
protects us from harmful solar radiation, making it essential for life on our planet
II.
The Rock Cycle
1.
Fill out the diagram below of the rock cycle using the video and definitions given. Drag each term
or phrase to its appropriate position in the cycle. Not only should each box on the diagram be
filled in, but each arrow should have a label as well. Some are already given.
2.
If a rock looks “squished” and displays bands or layers, what kind of rock is this likely to be?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
3.
If a rock has vesicles formed from gas bubbles escaping, what kind of rock is this likely to be?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
4.
If a rock looks like it is made up of a bunch of smaller rocks and grains, what type of rock is this
likely to be?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
5.
Which type of rock is formed from the other two types of rocks?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
D.
All of the above
6.
Which type of rock would you most likely find near a beach or lake?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
7.
Which type of rock would you most likely find near a volcano?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
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III.
The Geologic Time Scale
Visit the link below and complete pages 6 through 9 in the interactive online tour. Answer the
questions below that go along with the activity. You do not need to answer the questions at the end of
the tour on page 10.
Link: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage6.html
1.
Older rock layers are found at the _bottom_______ of the sequence, while younger rock layers
are found at the __top______ of the sequence.
2.
How old is the youngest buried fossil on page 7 and what is it called?
sixy-five million years old, called ammonites
3.
Which fossil captures an organism that is still found on earth today? When did it first occur on
earth?
brachiopod fossils, they look like clams and still can be found in cold waters today. they first
occurred about 400 million years ago
4.
If you are trying to determine the age of a rock layer that is sandwiched between two ash layers
of known age (top layer is 285 mya and bottom is 300 mya), which is an appropriate age for the
middle rock layer?
A.
284 mya
B.
310 mya
C.
296 mya
D.
260 mya
5.
What is the primary distinguishing factor between each period of time on The Geologic Time
Scale?
the fossil content and the types of organisms that existed during each period
6.
What are the four major divisions of The Geologic Time Scale and how would you distinguish
each of them?
The four major divisions are Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs. They are distinguished based on
the amount and the types of life forms, geological events, and environmental changes that
occurred during each time frame
7.
What are the three eras belonging to the Phanerozoic eon and how would you distinguish each
of them?
The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. They are distinguished by the types of dominant life
forms, including the rise and fall of different groups of organisms, such as the dinosaurs in the
Mesozoic era and the appearance of mammals in the Cenozoic era.
8.
What period and era did life on land first make its appearance? What is an example of these first
land organisms?
The Paleozoic era, one example of the first land organisms is primitive plants like mosses and
early arthropods like millipedes and scorpions.
9.
Which period and era would you have seen saber-toothed tiger or a giant ground sloth?
Saber-toothed tigers and giant ground sloths existed during the Pleistocene epoch of the
Cenozoic era.
10. In your own words, describe and name a period in the Mesozoic era that you find most
interesting.
Of course the Jurassic period is super interesting because of the dominance of dinosaurs here on
earth
11. Describe and name the period and era in which the largest mass extinction in earth’s history
occurred.
The largest mass extinction in Earth's history occurred at the end of the Permian period, marking
the difference between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
IV.
Relative Dating
Use the diagram below to answer the questions on relative dating.
1.
A fault has shifted some of the rock layers. Which is older, the fault or the granite?
the fault is younger than the granite
2.
Which rock is older, the granite or the blue rock inside the granite?
the granite
3.
Describe the youngest rock layer.
the youngest rock layer would be the one found at the top
4.
A wavy line indicates something happened to the deformed rock layers at the bottom of the
sequence. What do you think happened to cause this uneven, missing surface?
Most likely some form of weathering or erosion occurred that removed part of the rock layers
5.
Which is younger, the deformed rock layers or the granite?
the deformed rock layers
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V.
Radiometric Dating
Visit the link below, explore each tab of the Radioactive Dating Game, and answer the questions on
radiometric dating below.
Link:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/nuclear-physics/latest/nuclear-physics.html?simulation=radioac
tive-dating-game
1.
Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Carbon-14 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above,
estimate the half-life of a Carbon-14 atom. What element does Carbon-14 decay into?
5050 years, nitrogen
2.
Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Uranium-238 atoms to the screen. According to the graph
above, estimate the half-life of a Uranium-238 atom. What element does Uranium-238 decay
into?
4 billion years, Lead-206
3.
Under the “Decay Rates” tab, what is the percentage of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 at the second
half-life? Do these percentages change for uranium/lead at the second half-life?
Nitrogen: 75%
Carbon: 25%
no they are the same proportionally
4.
Under the “Measurement” tab, select Uranium-238 and Rock, then erupt the volcano and drag
the probe to the rock. As time goes on, does the percentage of uranium in the rock increase, or
decrease? Does the rate of change in percentage seem to speed up or slow down over time?
decrease, slow down
5.
Now that you have explored a bit, briefly describe the relationship between radioactive decay and
the half-life of an isotope.
If an isotope has a short half-life, it decays rapidly, and if it has a long half-life, it
decays more slowly. The half-life is a useful measure for predicting how much of
a radioactive substance will remain after a certain amount of time.
6.
Under the “Dating Game” tab, choose either Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 as your probe type, and
leave the probe set to “Objects”. Fill out the table below with the appropriate ages for each item.
If the percentage of the isotope is 0%, then the age of the item is either too young or too old to
use the chosen dating method and you must switch to the other. Write N/A in the boxes where
the specific dating method cannot be used.
Carbon-14
Uranium-238
Wooden Cup
88.2% ~ 1,025 yrs
N/A
Bone
83.9% 1,250 yrs
N/A
Fish Bones
14.4% 15,000 yrs
N/A
Rock 1
N/A
97.9% ~ 1 billion
Rock 3
N/A
93.3% ~1.5 billion
Rock 5
N/A
82.3% ~2 billion
7.
The trilobite fossil cannot be dated using the Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 methods. Switch the
probe type to “Custom”. How long of a half-life would an isotope need to have in order to date
this fossil? How old is the trilobite?
100 million years, 11.7%, over 300 million years