Lab 2 Assignment answers

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Georgia State University *

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1113L

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Geography

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab 2: The Dynamic Planet GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab Name: _____________ I. Why Does Earth Have Layers? 1. What causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers? 2. What is the outermost layer of the Earth called? 3. The chemical name for the middle layer is the _______, while the innermost layer is called the _________. 4. What is the importance of the element, iron (Fe)? Answers: 1. Earth's structure separates into layers because of heat. When Earth formed, it was hot, and as it cooled down, the materials inside rearranged themselves, creating distinct layers. 2. The outermost layer of the Earth is called the crust. 3. The chemical name for the middle layer is the mantle, while the innermost layer is called the core. 4. Iron (Fe) is important because it makes up a significant part of Earth's core. The movement of molten iron in the outer core generates Earth's magnetic field, which protects us from harmful solar radiation and helps in navigation.

II. The Rock Cycle 1. Fill out the diagram below of the rock cycle using the video and definitions given. Drag each term or phrase to its appropriate position in the cycle. Not only should each box on the diagram be filled in, but each arrow should have a label as well. Some are already given. 2. If a rock looks “squished” and displays bands or layers, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Answer : c- Metamorphic 3. If a rock has vesicles formed from gas bubbles escaping, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Answer : A- Igneous 4. If a rock looks like it is made up of a bunch of smaller rocks and grains, what type of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Answer : B-sedimentary Burial and Lithification Heat and Pressure Cooling Melting Heat and Pressure Magma Deposition Weathering and Erosion Metamorphic Rocks Sediments Igneous Rocks Uplift Sedimentary Rocks Uplift

5. Which type of rock is formed from the other two types of rocks? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic D. All of the above Answer : C- Metamorphic 6. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a beach or lake? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Answer : B- sedimentary 7. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a volcano? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Answer : A- Igneous

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III. The Geologic Time Scale Visit the link below and complete pages 6 through 9 in the interactive online tour. Answer the questions below that go along with the activity. You do not need to answer the questions at the end of the tour on page 10. Link: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage6.html 1. Older rock layers are found at the _bottom of the sequence, while younger rock layers are found at the _top_ of the sequence. 2. How old is the youngest buried fossil on page 7 and what is it called? Trilobites 3. Which fossil captures an organism that is still found on earth today? When did it first occur on earth? Brachiopods, it first occur on earth about 400 million years ago. 4. If you are trying to determine the age of a rock layer that is sandwiched between two ash layers of known age (top layer is 285 mya and bottom is 300 mya), which is an appropriate age for the middle rock layer? A. 284 mya B. 310 mya C. 296 mya D. 260 mya Answer : C- 296 mya 5. What is the primary distinguishing factor between each period of time on The Geologic Time Scale? Each period on the Geologic Time Scale is defined by specific fossils and the types of life from that era, marking significant milestones in Earth's history. 6. What are the four major divisions of The Geologic Time Scale and how would you distinguish each of them? The four divisions are Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Precambrian has no complex life, Paleozoic has early life forms, Mesozoic is the dinosaur age, and Cenozoic is the era of mammals. 7. What are the three eras belonging to the Phanerozoic eon and how would you distinguish each of them? The three eras are Paleozoic (early life), Mesozoic (dinosaur age), and Cenozoic (mammals and humans). 8. What period and era did life on land first make its appearance? What is an example of these first land organisms? Life on land first appeared in the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era. Cook Sonia is an example. 9. Which period and era would you have seen saber-toothed tiger or a giant ground sloth?

Saber-toothed tigers and giant ground sloths lived in the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era. 10. In your own words, describe and name a period in the Mesozoic era that you find most interesting. An interesting period in the Mesozoic era is the Jurassic, known for dinosaurs like Brachiosaurus and Allosaurus. 11. Describe and name the period and era in which the largest mass extinction in earth’s history occurred . The largest mass extinction in Earth's history occurred during the Permian period of the Paleozoic era, known as the Permian-Triassic extinction or the "Great Dying." IV. Relative Dating Use the diagram below to answer the questions on relative dating. 1. A fault has shifted some of the rock layers. Which is older, the fault or the granite? The granite is older than the fault. 2. Which rock is older, the granite or the blue rock inside the granite? The granite is older than the blue rock inside it 3. Describe the youngest rock layer. The youngest rock layer is the one at the top of the sequence. 4. A wavy line indicates something happened to the deformed rock layers at the bottom of the sequence. What do you think happened to cause this uneven, missing surface? The wavy line indicates erosion or some kind of surface weathering that affected the deformed rock layers. 5. Which is younger, the deformed rock layers or the granite?

The granite is younger than the deformed rock layers.

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V. Radiometric Dating Visit the link below, explore each tab of the Radioactive Dating Game, and answer the questions on radiometric dating below. Link: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/nuclear-physics/latest/nuclear-physics.html? simulation=radioactive-dating-game 1. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Carbon-14 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Carbon-14 atom. What element does Carbon-14 decay into? 2. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Uranium-238 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Uranium-238 atom. What element does Uranium-238 decay into? 3. Under the “Decay Rates” tab, what is the percentage of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 at the second half-life? Do these percentages change for uranium/lead at the second half-life? 4. Under the “Measurement” tab, select Uranium-238 and Rock, then erupt the volcano and drag the probe to the rock. As time goes on, does the percentage of uranium in the rock increase, or decrease? Does the rate of change in percentage seem to speed up or slow down over time? 5. Now that you have explored a bit, briefly describe the relationship between radioactive decay and the half-life of an isotope. 6. Under the “Dating Game” tab, choose either Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 as your probe type, and leave the probe set to “Objects”. Fill out the table below with the appropriate ages for each item. If the percentage of the isotope is 0%, then the age of the item is either too young or too old to use the chosen dating method and you must switch to the other. Write N/A in the boxes where the specific dating method cannot be used. Carbon-14 Uranium-238 Wooden Cup Bone Fish Bones Rock 1 Rock 3 Rock 5 7. The trilobite fossil cannot be dated using the Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 methods. Switch the probe type to “Custom”. How long of a half-life would an isotope need to have in order to date this fossil? How old is the trilobite?

Lab 2 Assignment answers

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