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Date
Jun 14, 2024
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1 / 36
1.
A line connect-
ing locations of
the same pres- sure
On a weather map, what does an isobar represent? Insolation
A line connecting locations of the same pressure A gradient
The axis of a ridge A high
2.
5
Which location shows a high pressure ridge? (The
shad- ing indicates clouds and precipitation and can be
ignored for this question)
3.
Dry and fairly
clear skies
Select the best answer. Conditions typically associated with high pressure include:
High winds Wet and cloudy
Dry and fairly clear skies Overcast
Windy and wet
4.
false
High pressure guarantees nice weather. true
false
5.
100.0 / 1500 / 70.0 Complete the blanks in following statements, in or-
der.
kPa is at about sea level elevation /85.0 kPa
is at about m elevation / kPa is at
about 3000 m elevation.
100.0 / 2000 / 10.0
10.0 / 1500 / 70.0
10.0 / 2000 / 70.0
100.0 / 1500 / 62.5
100.0 / 1500 / 70.0
2 / 36
6.
Cypress
3 / 36
Select the best answer. The 85.0 kPa level is above which mountain peak?
Rocky Mountains Cypress
Whistler Revelstoke Mt. Sir Donald
7.
80.0 kPa
What is the approximate pressure level at mid-mountain
at Lake Louise? (Mid-mountain is halfway between the elevation of the lake and the mountain top next to the lake.)
80.0 kPa
90.0 kPa
70.0 kPa
75.0 kPa
85.0 kPa
8.
It indicates the
direction of the
wind
9.
Wind is blowing 50 km/h from the N
Why is the orientation of the main shaft of a wind barb important?
It indicates the direction and type of wind
It indicates the direction and speed of the wind It indicates the type of wind
It indicates the speed of the wind
It indicates the direction of the wind
Select the correct interpretation of the approximate infor- mation provided by this wind barb. Assume units as are they were presented in the snow learning goals.
Wind is blowing 50 km/h from the S Wind is blowing 35 km/h from the N Wind is blowing 100 km/h from the N Wind is blowing 50 km/h from the N Wind is blowing 45 km/h from the NE
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10.
A good day to stay inside and avoid skiing
11.
The isobars are far apart
If you see four triangles on a wind barb at the elevation you're planning to ride, what does this indicate? Assume
that the units as are they were presented in the snow learning goals.
Mediocre conditions for snowboarding
A good day to stay inside and avoid skiing
Ideal snowboarding conditions, but poor camping condi-
tions
Moderate ridgetop wind speeds on the mountain Ideal conditions for skiing
How might a weak pressure gradient be represented on a pressure map?
The isobars are far apart
The isobars are parallel to each other The isobars are close together
There are no isobars on the pressure map The isobars intersect each other
12.
true
Surface wind maps are a useful tool for obtaining details about wind speed and direction.
true false
13.
The temperature
over the North Shore Mountains is about -5°C
Which interpretation of the 85.0-kPa temperature on this
map is correct? (Hint: Open a separate window with an image map of BC, to help you find the locations mentioned in the answer choices.)
The temperature over the North Shore Mountains is about
-5°C
Vancouver Island temperatures will warm dramatically The pressure likely decreases from south to north over
5 / 36
Southwest BC
The temperature in the southern Canadian Rockies is about -20°C
The temperature in the northern Canadian Rockies is about -14°C
14.
Points that have the same temper- ature
What does a temperature contour on a pressure-level map indicate?
A change in temperature at a pressure level The critical temperature along the contour Points that have the same temperature
Low pressure
Points that have the same pressure
15.
-13°C
What is the approximate temperature at 85.0 kPa in the
Purcells?
-13°C
-8°C
-15°C
-10°C
6°C
16.
All of the above What information is necessary in order to interpolate
from temperature on a pressure-level map to a free-air
temper- ature at a different altitude? Select the best
answer.
Dry or wet adiabatic lapse rate or the corresponding
graphical tools
The forecasted relative humidity
6 / 36
The forecasted temperature All of the above
17.
-7ÚC
You plan to go skiing with friends at Whistler (elevation
is approximately 2000 m), and you have access to an 85.0-kPa pressure-level map. The forecasted tempera- ture at Whistler at 85.0 kPa is -2ÚC, and the relative hu-
midity is 60%. What is the interpolated air temperature at Whistler? (Hint, use an appropriate graphical tool.)
+3ÚC
-16ÚC
+14ÚC
-7ÚC
-2ÚC
18.
3CÚ
19.
Cloud cover, sun angle, and wind speed
Your friend calls and tells you that he has made plans
to go to Grouse Mountain! Grouse has an elevation of
approximately 1000 m. Using 85-kPa pressure-level map: the forecasted temperature is positive 1ÚC and the relative humidity is 95%. What is your estimate of the free-
air tem- perature at Grouse Mountain? (Hint, use the appropriate graphical tool.)
-4ÚC
6ÚC
-2ÚC
0ÚC
3ÚC
What factor(s) do you need to account for when making surface heating or cooling adjustments to the free-air temperature? Select the best answer.
Cloud cover and snow depth Relative humidity and pressure level Snow depth
Cloud cover, sun angle, and wind speed
Sun angle, pressure level, and wind direction
20.
12ÚC
It is a spring afternoon with clear skies and light winds.You have already determined that the free-air
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temperature is 4ÚC. What is your final temperature forecast after adjusting
8 / 36
for surface heating or cooling? 4ÚC
12ÚC
2ÚC
-2ÚC
6ÚC
21.
Subtract 2ÚC
You are forecasting for 8:00 am (just before sunrise) on
a winter day with partly cloudy skies and wind speeds
of 50 km/h. The free-air temperature is 0ÚC. How
should you adjust your morning temperature forecast for
surface heating or cooling?
Subtract 10ÚC Subtract 2ÚC Subtract 5ÚC Add 5ÚC
Add 1ÚC
22.
Is the most important factor that influences the evolution of a snowpack.
Snowpack temperature gradient:
Is the temperature of the gradient.
Is the average temperature of the snowpack.
Is the representation of a snowpack on a weather map. Is the most important factor that influences the evolution
of a snowpack.
Has a strong influence on the evolution of ground temper- ature.
23.
0°C
The snow at the bottom of a snowpack typically hovers at a temperature of:
0°C
-15°C
-10°C
5°C
-5°C
24.
Large verti-
cal temperature
gradient and fast-moving wa- ter vapour
Select the best answer. Under what conditions are faceted crystals produced?
Large horizontal temperature gradient and slow-moving water vapour
Large vertical temperature gradient and fast-moving wa-
9 / 36
ter vapour
Small horizontal temperature gradient and slow-moving water vapour
Large vertical temperature gradient and slow-moving wa- ter vapour
Small vertical temperature gradient and slow-moving wa- ter vapour
25.
Deposition
When a substance undergoes a phase change directly
from the gas to the solid phase without the liquid phase in between, this is known as:
Dewpoint Frostpoint Sublimation
Hoarfrost Deposition
26.
Due to its feath-
ery and delicate
nature creating weak bonds
27.
Clear skies, calm winds under 15 km/h, and strong temperature in- version above the surface
How might surface hoar lead to an avalanche? Due to it melting once buried under more snow
Due to its feathery and delicate nature creating weak bonds
Due to the high temperature of the area Due to the strong bonding of ice crystals
Due to its high density once buried under more snow
What is needed for surface hoar to form? Select the best answer.
Cloudy skies and weak temperature inversion above the snow surface
Weak temperature inversion, strong winds over 15 km/h, and precipitation
Strong winds over 15 km/h Clear skies
Clear skies, calm winds under 15 km/h, and strong tem- perature inversion above the surface
28.
E
In the figure, which snow layer configuration creates the MOST UNSTABLE snowpack?
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29.
Faceted snow crystals, surface hoar, newly-fall- en snow, large vertical snow- pack tempera- ture gradient
30.
Snowmelt, strong insolation, possible wet slab avalanche
31.
That it is unusu- ally warm for this time of the year
32.
under persistent high pressure.
What characteristics are associated with weakly-bonded
snow layers? Select the best answer.
Wind slab, small vertical snowpack temperature
gradient Rounded snow crystals, large horizontal
snowpack tem- perature gradient, surface hoar
Faceted snow crystals, surface hoar, newly-fallen
snow, large vertical snowpack temperature gradient
High-density snow, wind slab, large vertical snowpack temperature gradient
High-density snow, small vertical snowpack temperature
gradient, wind slab
It is spring and you observe that it is 7ÚC with sunny, clear
skies. What conditions might you need to be aware of?
Select the best answer.
Snowfall, wind chill, possible wet slab avalanche Snowmelt, strong insolation, possible wet slab avalanche Snowmelt, weak insolation, possible dry slab avalanche Wind chill, snowfall, possible dry sluff avalanche Snowfall, weak insolation, possible wet slab avalanche
You and your friend are going backcountry skiing. It is early spring, and your friend says it is "unseasonably warm". What does she mean?
That it is unusually warm for this time of the day That it is unusually warm for this time of the year
That it is unusual for the sun to be out at this time of the day
That it is unreasonably warm - she doesn't like the
heat! That it is unusual for the sun to be out at this time
of the year
Complete the following sentence. Wintertime inversions in mountain valleys can be sustained for weeks...
when temperatures are below freezing. under overcast conditions.
under persistent high pressure. when the sun angle is low.
11 / 36
if the snowpack is deep.
12 / 36
33.
Surface hoar
for- mation in
the val- ley
Colder tempera- tures in the val- ley
Snow melting at higher elevations
34.
(A) Continental,
(B) Transitional,
(C) Coastal
35.
Moderate
snow- fall
You are going skiing today under temperature inversion conditions. What might you expect as a result of the inversion? Select ALL that apply.
Surface hoar formation in the valley Warmer temperatures in the valley Colder temperatures in the valley
Surface hoar formation near the mountaintop Strong winds in the valley
Snow melting at higher elevations
In the image below, identify the snow climates for A, B, and C.
(A) Continental, (B) Transitional, (C) Intermountain
(A) Maritime, (B) Transitional, (C) Continental
(A) Coastal, (B) Continental, (C) Transitional
(A) Advectal, (B) Continental, (C) Continental
(A) Continental, (B) Transitional, (C) Coastal
Which ONE of the following characteristics APPLIES to transitional climates?
Arctic airmasses common Persistent weak
layers Deep snowpack Moderate snowfall
Low density snow
36.
Continental The descriptions below are characteristic of which snow
climate?Smaller snowfall totals per stormArctic airmass-
es often arrive from the northMore clear-sky daysHigher
avalanche danger
Intermountain Coastal Transitional Maritime Continental
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37.
Inversion
layer resists
vertical
motion
Inversion layer is statically stable Temperature in- creases with height in the tro-
posphere
38.
Winds around the low pressure
What characteristics are associated with a temperature inversion? Select ALL that apply.
Inversion layer resists vertical motion Inversion layer is statically unstable
Temperature decreases with height in the troposphere Inversion layer is statically stable
Temperature increases with height in the troposphere
Inversions build when the ground is radiatively heated
What do the arrows pointing counterclockwise in this surface weather map represent?
Winds around the surrounding region Winds around the isobars
Winds around the low pressure Winds around the front
Winds around the high pressure
39.
false
The downward motion of air in a moist atmosphere gen- erally results in clouds, precipitation, and bad weather. true
false
40.
4
Which location shows a trough?
41.
Heavy snow/rain
and low visibility
What weather elements are typical of cyclones? Select the BEST answer.
Sunny skies and high winds
High clouds and calm winds
14 / 36
42.
Apparent tem- perature due to combined ef- fects of tempera- ture and wind
43.
Decrease in tem-
perature, steady snow followed by snow show- ers, southwest- erly winds
Low humidity and sunny skies Heavy snow/rain and low visibility Calm winds and sunny skies
Select the BEST answer. Wind chill is:
A term referring to when the wind calms down Actual temperature
Apparent temperature due to combined effects of temper- ature and wind
Developed jointly by the United States and Russia Developed by the United Nations
In Western Canada, following a cold front, what
weather might you experience? Select the BEST
answer.
Southerly winds, steady temperatures, no precipitation
Increase in temperature, sunny skies followed by
snow showers, easterly winds
Northerly winds, light rain, increase in temperature Snow showers followed by heavy steady snow, steady temperatures, calm winds
Decrease in temperature, steady snow followed by snow showers, southwesterly winds
44.
false
A cold front indicates the boundary between relatively
warmer air colder air masses, where the warmer air is advancing.
false
true
45.
Square
For this sequence of weather maps (left image is earlier
in time, right image is later in time), which shape indicates the location of a warm front?
Diamond
Upside-down triangle
Circle
Triangle
Square
15 / 36
46.
Relative humidi-
ty, trough, wind direction
OTHER THAN temperature, what three different indica- tors can you use to identify a front on a weather map? Select the BEST answer.
Relative humidity, trough, wind direction Latitude, trough, high terrain
High terrain, latitude, relative humidity Ridge, wind direction, high terrain Trough, wind speed, latitude
47.
Clouds
On pressure-level weather maps, relativity humidity pro-
vides information on: Precipitation amounts Evaporation
Wind direction Temperature gradient Clouds
48.
Cloud-free con-
ditions
When looking at a numerical weather prediction (NWP) pressure-level map, you see that the relative humidity at the level of Grouse Mountain is around 50%. You can anticipate:
Foggy conditions Overcast cloud cover Storm clouds
Cloud-free conditions Reduced visibility
49.
false
An undercast is an unbroken cloud layer above you.
false
true
50.
Barrier impeding horizontal move-
ment, sufficient- ly low freezing level, sufficient-
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What three factors are needed for orographic snowfall? Select the BEST answer.
Southwesterly wind, sufficiently dry air rising
on windward side, barrier located inland
Barrier impeding horizontal movement, sufficiently low
17 / 36
ly moist rising air on windward side
freezing level, sufficiently moist rising air on windward side
Sufficiently low freezing level, easterly wind, sufficiently moist air descending on leeward side
Barrier that is at least 3000 metres high, northerly wind,
sufficiently high freezing level
Sufficiently high freezing level, barrier located near the ocean, sufficiently dry air descending on leeward side
51.
warmer and drier The air on the leeward side of the mountain is the
than
air on the windward side. warmer and drier than warmer and moister than
the same temperature and humidity as cooler and drier than
cooler and more moist than
52.
Lee shadowing
The red/black circles and ovals in the following image
point to regions of:
Advective fog Heavy precipitation Lee shadowing Orographic uplift
Orographic thunderstorm
53.
Treed moun- tain valleys and forested slopes
54.
18 / 36
Which areas are likely to be wind-
sheltered? Select the BEST answer.
Treed mountain valleys and forested slopes Coastal mountains and rocky mountainside
s Rocky mountainside
s and ridges without shrubs Ridges with shrubs and mountain peaks Unforested slopes and mountain peaks
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When there
are thermally-
dri- ven slope flows, and temperature profiles are less stable
Under what conditions might alpine valleys see moderate or strong winds? Select the BEST answer.
When inversion conditions are present, and there is a sustained high-pressure system
When there are thermally-driven slope flows, and temper- ature profiles are less stable
When temperature profiles are more stable, and there is a sustained high-pressure system
When temperatures are unseasonably warm, and inver- sion conditions are present
When temperatures are unseasonably cold, and temper- ature profiles are more stable
55.
Destructive
Which of the following is NOT a category of avalanche?
Select ONE answer. Wet slab
Wind slab Sluff
Loose snow Destructive
56.
Fractures out
into cohesive
blocks
Which of the following is a characteristic of a dry slab avalanche? Select ONE answer.
Comprised of loose snow Unlikely to bury you
Begins at a point, and fans out Triggered by meltwater loosening bonds Fractures out into cohesive blocks
57.
false
Right-side-up snow is more likely to result in storm snow avalanches than upside-down snow.
true false
58.
Unstable, result of
Which of these are characteristics of upside-down snow? Select the BEST answer.
warm-front-domi- Can result from wind at end of storm, result of
nated storm, can
result from wind
at end of a storm
20 / 36
cold-front-dominated
storm, neither stable
nor unstable Unstable, result of warm-front-
dominated storm, can re- sult from wind at end of a storm
21 / 36
Stable, can be result of wind at beginning of storm, result
of cold-front-dominated storm
Result of calm steady winds, stable, result of
cold-front-dominated storm
Result of warm-front-dominated storm, result of calm
steady winds, unstable
59.
true
Right-side-up snow is more enjoyable to ski in because
your skis naturally tend to float to the surface.
true
false
60.
false
Snow density can be defined in terms of the volume of ice
and water per total mass.
false
true
61.
Temperature and
Which of the following are the two PRIMARY factors af-
wind speed
fecting the density of newly-fallen snow? Select the BEST
answer.
Wind direction and wind speed
Precipitation rate and wind direction
Wind speed and precipitation rate
Temperature and wind speed
Humidity and temperature
62.
true
Low density snow is easier to ski because it's easier to
push around with your skis.
false
true
63.
Needle
What name is given to the type of snowflake shown in the
picture?
Diamond dust
Capped column
Needle
Branch
Stellar dendrite
Symmetric
Habit
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64.
Graupel
What name is given to the type of snowflakes shown in
the picture? Stellar dendrites Habits
Graupel Symmetric Branches Columns Diamond dust
65.
Larger and have more branches
66.
Temperature and
humidity
As humidity increases, snow crystals that are growing tend to be...
Smaller and have less branches Smaller and more needle-like Larger and have more branches Smaller and have more branches Larger and more plate-like
The two main factors affecting snow crystal growth in the
atmosphere are:
Density and snow depth Temperature and wind speed Temperature and density Wind speed and humidity Temperature and humidity
67.
false
Fractures associated with soft slabs are more likely to
propagate long distances than those associated with hard slabs.
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true
false
68.
Fractures out
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a wet
into cohesive
sluff avalanche? Select ONE answer.
blocks
Begins at a point, and fans out
Fractures out into cohesive blocks
Triggered by meltwater loosening bonds
Unlikely to bury you
Can knock you off your feet
69.
true
Higher density snow has more "body", causing your skis
or board to float to the top more readily.
true
false
70.
false
Generally speaking, cold fronts present fewer hazards
than warm fronts in terms winter weather conditions.
true
false
71.
It increases risk
As a snowboarder, how might flat light become an issue
of injury, and it
while on the slopes? Select the BEST answer.
is difficult to see
It is difficult to see in the dark
the texture of the snow surface
It increases risk of injury, and it is difficult to see the texture of the snow surface
The resulting light can temporarily impair one's vision, causing snow blindness
You may be unable to tell which way is uphill You may be unable to tell which way is downhill
72.
cooler; ahead of
In contrast to cold fronts, relatively air is warm
fronts.
cooler; ahead of moist; behind cooler; farther from
cooler; behind
warmer; not present near
73.
g
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24 / 36
In this IR satellite image, where would you place an occluded front?
74.
e
In this visible satellite image, where would you place a warm front?
75.
false
Polar-orbiting satellites are useful for looking at a time series loop of images for one particular location.
false
true
76.
It takes time for
Why do the freezing level and rain-snow line exist at
snow crystals to
different elevations to each other? Pick ONE answer.
melt
Climate change is affecting the freezing level
They are not at different elevations but at the same ele-
vation
It takes time for snow crystals to melt
Raindrops fall faster than snow crystals
The lapse rate changes between rain and snow
77.
Viewing night-
What would NOT help you identify a region of clear air
time visible
from satellite images? Select the BEST answer.
satellite imagery
Viewing daytime IR satellite imagery
Viewing nighttime visible satellite imagery
Seeing clockwise rotation in a satellite loop
Viewing nighttime IR satellite imagery
Viewing daytime visible satellite imagery
78.
1550 m
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25 / 36
You want to go skiing at Whistler Mountain (elevation
~2000 m, marked with red-in-black circle in the image). Using this 85-kPa pressure map, what is the elevation of the rain-snow line?
2050 m
1050 m
1550 m
2550 m
550 m
79.
When both lo- cations are un- der the influence
of the same air- mass or terrain, and are less than 50 km apart
When might you apply a radiosonde temperature sound-
ing from a different location to the location you are at?
Select the BEST answer.
When both locations are under the influence of the same airmass or terrain, and are less than 50 km apart
When both locations are forecast to have snow, and are in the same country
When both locations are under the influence of different airmasses, and are less than 100 km apart
When both locations have the same wind direction, and are more than 150 km apart
When both locations are forecast to have fog, and are more than 100 km apart
80.
Too windy
Why is it not advisable to camp on a ridgeline?
Too cloudy
Too high of an elevation Too windy
Too rocky
Too sunny
81.
false
The Venturi, or Bernoulli effect describes wind accelera- tion due to the divergence of wind around a peak.
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82.
Lowering pres- sure centre crossing north- ern Vancouver Is- land, and strong pressure gradi- ent
true false
Which of the following are characteristics of landfalling low pressure systems that would be expected to bring high winds to the BC South Coast? Select the BEST answer.
(The BC South Coast is in southwestern British
Columbia and includes the "North Shore Mountains".
See the map below.)
Lowering pressure centre crossing northern Vancouver Island, and strong pressure gradient
Lowering pressure centre remaining off the BC coast, and weak pressure gradient
Increasing pressure centre crossing northern BC, and
average-strength pressure gradient
Increasing pressure centre falling anywhere on the BC coast, and strong pressure gradient
Pressure centre not changing value crossing northwest Washington, and weak pressure gradient
83.
false
Weather forecast models show wind speeds that are ac- curate for inland mountain peaks.
true false
84.
Surface friction
Certain areas in the mountains are more windy than
others because of:
Tunnelling of winds
Wind speeds decrease with height Wind chill
Perception - people tend to overestimate wind speed Surface friction
85.
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27 / 36
None of the
above
In this figure, where in the mountains of southern BC
are would you expect high winds?
Selkirks
Whistler
Rockies
None of the above
North Shore Mountains
86.
(A) ski racers, (B) Complete the following sentence with the appropriate
the highest
87.
It gives max- imum time to harden before re- opening the next day
88.
To increase snow density
words from the list below.Ski pistes for (A) have (B) snow density.
(A) recreational skiers, (B) no
(A) recreational skiers and ski racers, (B) equal
(A) recreational skiers, (B) low
(A) ski racers, (B) lower
(A) ski racers, (B) the highest
Why are ski pistes usually maintained immediately follow- ing closing? Pick ONE answer.
It gives maximum time to harden before reopening the next day
It allows any overnight snowfall to settle Snowcat drivers only work in the evenings
The hardening process happens best when snow temper- ature is close to 0°C
That time is when the snowpack is the least dense
What is the end goal when applying chemicals or water injection to a ski piste?
To break bonds between snow crystals To sanitize the piste
To increase snow density To increase lubrication
To reduce the melting point
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89.
Reducing
avalanche danger
90.
Safe, smooth, durable, visually
attractive
91.
It can po-
tentially prevent high-
speed in- juries
Different condi-
tions can mean the difference between a fun day and a frus- trating day
It helps them de-
cide which wax to apply to their skis
92.
Geographical lo-
cation, and the temperature that
the snow fell at
What is the reason for preparation of off-piste ski areas? Increasing snow density
Reducing avalanche danger Increasing snow hardness Reducing hard or icy surfaces Increasing snow depth
Select the BEST answer. Mountain operators and recre-
ational skiers (on average) tend to prefer ski pistes that are:
Steep, high maintenance, icy, south-facing slope Smooth and even, almost flat slope, icy, below the tree line
Covered in moguls, steep, above the tree line
Visually indifferent, steep, powdery snow, north-facing slope
Safe, smooth, durable, visually attractive
Why is knowledge of snow-surface conditions important to recreational skiers/boarders or racers? Select ALL that
apply.
It can potentially prevent high-speed injuries Ski racers often own shares in ski resorts
Recreational skiers want their photographs to look good
They care about the environment
Different conditions can mean the difference between a fun day and a frustrating day
It helps them decide which wax to apply to their skis
What TWO things mainly determine the amount of mois- ture in the snowpack in a ski resort?
Geographical location, and snow density Snow density, and wind speed
Geographical location, and the temperature that the snow fell at
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93.
You forgot to wax your skis
The snow sur- face is much dri-
er and colder in the shade than in the sun
Snow density, and ski traffic Ski traffic, and wind speed
Geographical location, and wind speed
You are skiing down a medium steep slope in the spring- time during the afternoon. What are the likely possible reasons that your skis periodically feel suctioned to the snow? Select ALL that apply.
The ski piste has moguls on it
A band of clouds moved over the ski hill
The snow is hard-packed where the ski piste in the sun
The snow is melt- You forgot to wax your skis
ing where the ski You didn't sharpen your ski edges
piste is in the sun The snow surface is much drier and colder in the shade than in the sun
The snow is melting where the ski piste is in the sun
94.
Following a par-
ticularly warm frontal passage
95.
Limited visibility
and colder wind
chill
96.
A little way
up the mountain- side
When might the ski piste be referred to as "cement" at the BC coast?
Immediately when the ski piste opens in the morning
When ski traffic is high
After a snowcat has compacted the snow-surface Following a particularly warm frontal passage Following water injection treatment
What skiing hazards may be associated with cold air pooling? Select the BEST answer.
Sunburn, sweating, and dehydration Increased chance of avalanche Strong winds and increased visibility Hail or graupel
Limited visibility and colder wind chill
You are on a backcountry trip about to camp overnight. The winter evening is cold, with clear skies and light winds. Where is the best place to set up your campsite? Mountain top
Valley bottom Underneath a cornice
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97.
Temperature dif-
ferences
On an exposed ridge
A little way up the mountainside
Select ONE answer. Diurnal slope flows are ultimately caused by:
Radiative cooling Temperature differences Variable sun
angle
High pressure systems Windy conditions
98.
2, 1, then 3
Arrange sentences 1, 2, and 3 below into the right or-
der/sequence. The resulting paragraph should explain the formation of katabatic winds.
1. The air adjacent to the ground cools.
2. The ground cools radiatively.
3. The cold, dense air flows downslope. 2, 3, then 1
1, 3, then 2
3, 2, then 1
2, 1, then 3
1, 2, then 3
99.
Katabatic winds
bring warmer temperatures to
valley bottoms.
100.
Cold air pooling;
high pressure
Which of the following statements about diurnal slope flows is FALSE?
Return flows can form in the valley if the sunshine is strong and sustained.
Downslope winds converge at the valley bottom and cre- ate cold air pooling.
Katabatic winds bring warmer temperatures to valley bot- toms.
Upslope winds converge at the mountaintop and rise vertically.
Katabatic winds bring cooler temperatures to valleys bot- toms.
What factors or processes may contribute to the formation
of valley cloud/fog? Select the BEST answer.
Cold air pooling; high pressure
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Kat
abat
ic win
ds; radi
ativ
e heat
ing
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101.
Backcountry ski trips often start in the dark; the effects can last beyond sunrise
102.
When there is a
very strong in- version
Low pressure; heavy rain or snow Anabatic winds; winds from the southwest
High pressure; radiative heating
Katabatic winds occur at nighttime. Why do skiers
care about them? Select the BEST answer.
They often mean new snowfall the next day
They can expose rocks; this can damage their
equipment They can cause alternating warm and cold
temperatures; this creates icy conditions
Backcountry ski trips often start in the dark; the effects
can last beyond sunrise
They bring warm temperatures that melt the
snowpack; they often destroy the snow surface
When valley fog has formed, what is a possible reason
why it would NOT "lift" during the daytime? Select
ONE answer.
When there is no snow on the ground When the relative humidity is low
When temperatures are steady at freezing
When there is a very strong inversion When anabatic winds form
103.
Limited visibility
The MAIN skiing hazard resulting from valley cloud and
fog is:
The sun reflecting off the top of the fog when you are above it
Rime ice on you and your equipment Limited visibility
Your clothes getting wet and making you cold Strong katabatic winds
104.
false
An Arctic front is a type of warm front.
false
true
105.
Temperature gra- dient; pressure gradient
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Which of the following are properties associated with an Arctic front? Select the BEST answer.
Deep, unstable arctic airmass behind
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106.
A pressure gradi- ent
107.
They usual- ly bring faster
winds and colder temperatures
Constant pressure; temperature gradient
Low pressure; warm temperature Constant temperature; pressure gradient
Temperature gradient; pressure gradient
Arctic outflow winds are driven by:
A pressure gradient
Land-sea contrasts at the coast Low pressure
A temperature gradient
High winds mixing down from aloft
Select the BEST answer. Gap flows affect skiers because: The wind decelerates very quickly in the valleys
They usually bring faster winds and colder temperatures
They always bring heavy precipitation
They don't; ski slopes are unaffected
They usually bring calm winds and weather
108.
false
Gap flows usually occur when the large-scale prevailing
wind direction is parallel to the large mountain range. false
true
109.
Along-valley
Terrain channelling usually modifies wind direction in the
direction.
Upstream Easterly
Along-valley Across-valley
Southerly
110.
Southerly and westerly
On which two aspects will you most likely find a morning
crust layer on the snowpack?
Easterly and westerly Northerly and southerly Northerly and shady Southerly and westerly Easterly and shady
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111.
South- and west-facing slopes in the
afternoon
Where and when are you most likely to find wet sluffs or
wet slabs in the spring?
North- and east-facing slopes in the morning South- and west-facing slopes in the morning South- and east-facing slopes in the afternoon
North- and west-facing slopes in the afternoon
South- and west-facing slopes in the afternoon
112.
true
When the air temperature (at 2-m above ground) is above freezing, and there is sunlight on a north-facing slope, it is possible for the snow surface to be below freezing. false
true
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