Lab 4_ Tectonic Landforms & Crustal Deformation-2

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Georgia State University *

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1101

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Geography

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Jun 23, 2024

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Lab 4: Tectonic Landforms & Crustal Deformation GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab Name: _____________ I. Crustal Deformation 1. What causes deformation of the earth’s crust? The shifting of Earth’s tectonic plates 2. What types of structures are formed by deformation? Vaults, Folds, Foliations, and Joints 3. Which of the following forces causes faulting? A. Tensional force B. Compressional force C. Shear force D. All of the above 4. Describe the difference between stress and strain. Strain refers to the material changes due to stress, while stress refers to force applied over its area 5. What is the difference between elastic and ductile deformation? Elastic will return to its original form while ductile does not return. II. Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes 1. How is a mountain formed? Plates shifting together, plate tectonics 2. Describe the three main types of mountains.
Fold Mountain: forms when tectonic plates collide and are the most common Dome: Forms when molten rock from Earth’s mantle pushes its way up under the Earth’s crust without erupting Fault Block: Forms when two plates converge under intense pressure 3. What percentage of the world’s active volcanoes erupt each year? (Hint: You have to do some math. Show your work.) 25 divided by 500 equals 0.05 or 5% 4. Aside from the fact that living near a volcano can be dangerous, what is one benefit it would provide? The soil is extremely fertile due to the amount of nutrients 5. Name and describe the point above the focus of an earthquake. Epicenter is the strongest point of an Earthquake III. Folding Several images of clay models of an anticline, syncline, basin, and dome are provided unlabeled. Each model includes an image of ~0.5 inch cut off the top of the landform to represent erosion. Additionally, the dome and basin models have been cut in half to show the cross section of these two landforms. Insert the appropriate image under each label below and answer questions 1 – 4 that go along with each model.
Anticline:
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Anticline (eroded): 1. Which rock layer is in the middle of an anticline fold, the oldest or youngest? Oldest
Syncline:
Syncline (eroded): 2. Which rock layer is in the middle of a syncline fold, the oldest or youngest? Both
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Basin:
Basin (eroded):
Basin (cross-section): 3. Which rock layer is in the middle of a basin fold, the oldest or youngest? Oldest
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Dome:
Dome (eroded):
Dome (cross-section): 4. Which rock layer is in the middle of a dome fold, the oldest or youngest? Oldest IV. Faulting Several images of clay models of a normal fault, thrust fault, and strike-slip fault have been provided unlabeled. Insert the appropriate image under each description below and name the fault and stress type that relates to each model. Model A: A diagonal fault (top right corner to bottom left corner) is cut through a clay block and the hanging wall is moved upward. 1 cm/rock layer is eroded from the surface of the hanging wall. What type of fault is this? What type of stress caused this fault to form (compressional, tensional, or shear)?
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Picture of Model A: Fault Name: Reverse Fault Stress type: Compressional Model B: A vertical fault is cut through a clay block and the right half is moved forward (toward you). 1 cm/rock layer is eroded from the surface. What type of fault is this? What type of stress caused this fault to form (compressional, tensional, or shear)?
Picture of Model B: Fault Name: Right Lateral Strike Slip Stress type: Shear Model C: A diagonal fault (top left corner to bottom right corner) is cut through a clay block and the hanging wall is moved downward. 1 cm/rock layer is eroded from the surface of the footwall. What type of fault is this? What type of stress caused this fault to form (compressional, tensional, or shear)?
Picture of Model C: Fault Name: Normal Stress type: Tensional
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