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1 Mario George Professor Walker ENGL110 June 14, 2023 APA Style Criminal Justice Table of Contents I. Item 1 of the Portfolio — Report on the Communication in Criminal Justice Page 2 II. Item 2 of the Portfolio — Annotated Bibliography Page 5 III. Item 3 of the Portfolio — Final Paper - Analysis of a Problem Page 7

2 BEGINNING OF REPORT ON COMMUNICATION IN MY FIELD FORM Name : Mario George Program I am studying : Criminal Justice Research Guide I am using is: Criminal Justice 1. Types of articles I would find in journals in this program: Articles about Criminal Justice, Criminal Justice Abstracts with Full Text, International Security & Counter Terrorism Reference Center. 2. Databases I would use in this program: Data Planet Foundations, Bureau of Justice Statistics, FBI Uniform Crime Reports 3. Types of books I would use in this program: Reference books include Senior Citizens Behind Bars: Challenges For the Criminal Justice System, Co Production and Criminal Justice, Criminal Justice, Accountability for Criminal Justice. Other books include those on Gun control, justice reinvestments, rehabilitation programs, criminal law and everyday crime. 4. Examples of video media sites (if any) for this program: Alexander Street Video: Criminal Justice & Public Safety, PoliceOne Videos, Crime Analysis, LPR Videos, Evidence Based Policing (general training videos), and Congressional Briefings. 5. Websites for this program: Reference sites include USA.gov, Homeland Security Digital Library, CREDO Reference, and DOJ Criminal Justice Reference Service. 6. Organizations used by people in this program: Youth Justice Agency, The Audit Commission, The Sentencing Project, Prison Policy Initiative, and Innocence Project. 7. Social media sites (if any) for this program:

3 The Criminal Justice Association on Facebook, Criminology and Criminal Justice Research Community on Facebook, Criminal Division on Twitter. Here is a closer look at one site : The National Institute for Criminal Justice Reform ( https://nicjr.org ) s an organization that provides assistance in reducing incarceration and crime rate. While Improving the outcome of the youth becoming more involved with their communities in a positive way. In review of The NICJR website , they do “provide technical assistance, consultations, organizational development”, also advocacy for today’s generation by working with multiple organizations and foundations to bring change to less fortunate communities, to people that may have no access to a higher education. Some ways they help reduce violence, they offer gun violence reduction strategies along with an initiative called The Cost of Gun Violence. In order to help with the Criminal Justice Reform the NICJR offers training and workshops for police transformation and Calls For Service Analysis. In addition a young professionals of Color Fellowship is offered to future leaders in which helps the improvement and well being of minority communities. Images on the website show the difference and impact they have made in communities, showing the interactions of the youth throughout the system in better ways than incarceration. Here are tips for communicating in the criminal justice field: Tips for communicating with members of the Criminal Justice discourse community would be consistent with those related to interacting with any academic community. Specific tips are these: • Be Careful, listen and observation • Situational Awareness • Heightened Sense of contextual Awareness • Verbal Communication ( paraphrasing, reflecting, and summarizing) • Studying Body Language  Written Communication  Legal knowledge  Understanding Ethics  Communication through skills

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4  Be genuine rather than manipulative  Eye contact, remain calm, and speak clearly END OF REPORT ON COMMUNICATION IN MY FIELD FORM

5 Mario George ENGL110 Professor Walker June 14, 2023 Citation Style: APA Annotated Bibliography Bar-ness, G. (2014). United Nations Crime conventions. In J. S. Albanese, Wiley series of encyclopedias in criminology and criminal justice: The encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Wiley. Credo Reference: https://search-credoreference- com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/content/entry/wileycacj/united_nations_crime_conventions/0 The author of this article is associated with Monash University, UC Irvine, and the University of South Carolina. Notes in this article are most innumerable and help to provide multiple perspectives of the criminal justice field. Bar-ness explores the many ways in which crimes are handled with in the United Nations. The author focuses on the multiple conventions in the United Nations of organized crime, drugs and laws during a specific period of time. This author helps to further my research by providing multiple different resources within this resource through websites, books, and many readings relating to the topics of terrorism, crime and justice. This resource will be helpful in identifying the similarities or differences from the United States and the United Nations government decisions pertaining to the criminal justice system. Criminal Justice. (2002). In S. Phelps (Ed.), World of Criminal Justice, Gale.

6 Gale. Credo Reference: https://search- credoreference- com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/content/entry/worldcrims/criminal_justice/0 The author of this article is associated with Content development at Cengage, and Coreright Research. The notes in this article display an understanding of the criminal justice process. The author explores the many stages of the criminal Justice System, and the process of a prisoner near the end of their sentence or probation terms. The author focuses on many different concepts, theories, associations, and very important topics in the criminal justice field. Phelps also helps to further help others understand further by providing charts and photographs with in the article as well. The world of Criminal Justice is such a broad spectrum to research that this resources also helps to focus on one main topic or differentiate between multiple topics. This resource will be extremely helpful with also narrowing down to a specific topic related to Criminal justice, as well as a better understanding of this field of study.

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7 Racial Justice: Ending Mass Incarceration Mario George ENGL110 Professor Walker June 14, 2023

8 Racial Justice: Ending Mass Incarceration Ending mass incarceration with the help of racial justice is a task within itself. Many say it takes a village, and we have had that village for decades. In some instances people may say it starts with putting an end to the police brutality, maybe it should start with ending racism as much as we can. Furthermore, should the police department’s training be held accountable or the officers that they hire to protect and serve our communities. During the present era of criminal justice reform, not enough emphasis has been focused on ending racial and ethnic disparities systemwide (Nellis, 2021). The impact this has on minority communities is huge, the incarceration rates are increasing day by day while some are working to decrease them. Finding where to start is the hard part. In addition, a suggestion would be low level offenses is a great place to start breaking down this wall of mass incarceration. Racial justice in this system seemed non existent in the past. In todays future we have celebrity’s using their platform and means to help save lives. Saving people that may have been wrongfully convicted. Advancing racial Justice to help end mass incarceration is the topic of discussion and should be all day everyday. Black Americans are incarcerated in state prisons at nearly 5 times the rate of white Americans. Nationally, one in 81 Black adults in the U.S. is serving time in state prison. Wisconsin leads the nation in Black imprisonment rates; one of every 36 Black Wisconsinites is in prison (Nellis, 2021). I feel the black and Latinx communities are the most affected by mass incarceration. They are repeatedly targeted and end in up in difficult situations between their environment or just by being combative with the law that they end up back in prison. When some people do get released their only way to survive is going back to prison. Life on the outside has completely changed for them, financially and with what ever family they may have left. This problem exists because that is what has been set in stone by a

9 more dominantly white culture that brought upon the suppression of other cultures. The persistence of this issue is caused by racial injustice, it a non stop cycle of suppression for the minority communities. Due to the many challenges faced by the minority communities mass incarceration is still a major issue. If this issue goes unresolved there is no telling what the future holds for certain races. Unwinding the system of mass incarceration requires a new focus on spurring economic growth in low-income communities, addressing systemic racism, building a better system to address mental health, and more (Waldman, 2019). Addressing the deeper issues are just the beginning to undoing years of suppression. The growth in mass incarceration began with a crime spike. Homicides, which averaged around 5,000 per year in the 1960s, shot up in the 1970s, reaching over 24,000 in 1991. The crime spike sparked a bipartisan wave of punitive laws, the hiring of thousands of police officers and a “tough on crime” mindset that permeated every aspect of American criminal law. The system became more punitive, generating longer sentences, especially for repeat and violent offenses, as I show in my book (Bellin, 2018). All of those that commit a crime must do the time. Whether big or small, you knew where it would lead you to and you proceeded to do it anyways. The repercussions now lead to incarceration, hurting your loved ones, and ruining your future. The rise of mass incarceration and the decline of the prison movement shaped each other. From the outset, the shift to a new model of prison management was premised upon the suppression of the prison movement. State officials did not simply build more prisons, but they commissioned increasingly secure, riot- proof, facilities (Berger, et al., 2018)

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10 As we continue to further our understanding of racial Justice and the importance of ending mass incarceration the minority communities should continue to grow stronger and stick together. Balanced and Restorative Justice (BRJ) operates in the United States as a juvenile justice reform approach that emphasizes accountability, competency development, and public safety in dealing with delinquency (Thomson, 2014). Restoring justice within the community takes a lot of work and dedication. Most certainly some programs reforms, protests and other developments have helped to further improve minority communities. BRJ also works in other venues, especially schools, for example, in the use of peer juries. In various jurisdictions, it seeks to provide a healthy alternative to zero-tolerance policies and to intervene in the schoolhouse-to- jailhouse pipeline. More expansive and community-involved efforts toward this end have increasingly received BRJ support and cooperation. Training and technical assistance play a major role here as elsewhere in the growth of restorative justice initiatives around the United States (Thomson, 2014). Racial justice is the beginning to ending mass incarceration. Further research is needed, in order to maintain the stability of racial Justice everyday. Taking big steps forward by obtaining more information about where the problems may persists. Using every reliable resource while weeding out the non resourceful ones help to end mass incarceration. It is an important issue that can even effect your daily life, because in the blink of an eye it could be me, you, or someone you may know. Staying focused on the task at hand which is building more reforms and programs, building that village to save the minority communities. Understanding the impacts it can have on our futures is essential for the success of our economy.

11 References Bellin, J. (2018). Understanding mass incarceration in the US is the first step to reducing a swollen prison population. In The Conversation (Ed.), The conversation. The Conversation. Credo Reference: https://search-credoreference-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/content/entry/conversqauq/ understanding_mass_incarceration_in_the_us_is_the_first_step_to_reducing_a_swollen_ prisonpopulation/0 Nellis, A., PhD. (2022). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project . https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and- ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/ RETRENCHMENT: Mass incarceration and the remaking of the prison movement, 1980--1998. (2018). In D. Berger, & T. Losier, American social and political movements of the twentieth century: Rethinking the American prison movement. Routledge. Credo Reference: https://search-credoreference-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/content/entry/routrpm/ retrenchment_mass_incarceration_and_the_remaking_of_the_prison_movement_1980_1 998/0 Thomson, D. (2014). Balanced and restorative justice. In J. S. Albanese, Wiley series of encyclopedias in criminology and criminal justice: The encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice . Wiley. Credo Reference: https://search-credoreference- com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/content/entry/wileycacj/balanced_and_restorative_justice/0 Waldman, M., Onyekwere, A., & Chettiar, I. (2019, May 26). Ending Mass Incarceration: Ideas from Today’s Leaders . Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our- work/policy-solutions/ending-mass-incarceration-ideas-todays-leaders

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