ECSE_405___Simulation_Projects
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School
McGill University *
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Course
405
Subject
English
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
7
Uploaded by miladmokhtari
ECSE 405:
Antennas
– Simulation Projects
Instructor:
Professor Milica Popovich
(milica.popovich@mcgill.ca)
TA:
Milad Mokhtari
(milad.mokhtari@mcgill.ca)
October 2022
Please note the following teams and project assignments.
All project descriptions are included in the
subsequent pages. The guidelines for presentations and report formats will be given in a separate document.
1
ECSE 405:
Antennas
- Simulation Projects
October 2022
Project I: Hansen-Woodyard Array of Dipole Antennas
You are to design and simulate an endfire array of half-wave dipole antenna with Hansen-Woodyard excita-
tion. The operation frequency is 1 GHz and a maximum gain of 12 dB in the +
z
direction is needed.
(a)
Based on the required maximum gain, specify the number of array elements, element spacing, their
respective locations and Hansen-Woodyard phase shift.
(b)
Use
MMANA-GAL
to simulate and optimize a single element of the array.
Report the radiation
pattern, gain, VSWR and input impedance. Is the length of dipole exactly half the wavelength of operation?
(c)
Based on what you learned from
(a)
and
(b)
, construct the full array in the software and report gain,
VSWR, input impedance, front to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation patterns. What is the polarization of
the assembled array? Also compare the side lobe levels to that of uniformly excited, equally spaced linear
array. Discuss the trade-off between gain and side lobe level.
(d)
In the pursuit of improving front to back ratio of the array antenna, add a perfect ground plane to
your configuration. Use the optimizer to find the optimum height between the array and the ground plane
for maximum gain and front to back ratio. Once again, report gain, VSWR, input impedance, front to back
ratio, 2D and 3D radiation patterns.
2
ECSE 405:
Antennas
- Simulation Projects
October 2022
Project II: Yagi-Uda Antenna
You are to design and simulate a Yagi-Uda antenna operating at 500 MHz with a main lobe in the +
z
direction. The maximum gain is desired to be more than 10 dB with front to back ratio also greater than
10 dB.
Figure 1: Yagi-Uda Antenna
(a)
Briefly explain the role of the radiator, reflectors and directors.
Discuss the effect of increasing the
number of directors and reflectors on the radiation pattern.
(b)
Design a folded dipole antenna as the radiator. Report the radiation pattern, gain, VSWR and input
impedance. What is the advantage of folded dipole over the regular half-wave dipole? Compare these two
antennas.
(c)
Start with one director and one reflector (and of course one radiator) and simulate the antenna in
MMANA-GAL
. Try to increase the number of directors and reflectors to achieve the desired gain and front
to back ratio. Use to optimizer to your advantage. For each step, report gain, VSWR, input impedance,
front to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation patterns.
3
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ECSE 405:
Antennas
- Simulation Projects
October 2022
Project III: Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna
You are to design and simulate a wideband wired log-periodic dipole antenna centered at 2 GHz with 2 GHz
of bandwidth. The main beam is directed towards +
z
with maximum gain of 8 dB.
Figure 2: Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna
(a)
Briefly discuss the reason why LPDA has a wide bandwidth. Talk about scale factor and spacing factor
and their effect on the maximum gain. Why are the excitation line crisscrossed?
(b)
After carefully calculating the length of each dipole and their locations, use
MMANA-GAL
to
simulate the antenna and report gain, VSWR, input impedance, front to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation
patterns.
(c)
Do a parameter study and the scale factor and spacing factor and their effect on the maximum gain
and frequency response of the antenna. Thoroughly explain why increasing or decreasing the scale factor
might result in less ripples in the frequency response.
(d)
Discuss the necessity of the load termination at the end of the antenna. Remove the load to see the
effect.
4
ECSE 405:
Antennas
- Simulation Projects
October 2022
Project IV: Cycloid Dipole Antenna
You are to design and simulate a cycloid dipole antenna operating at 1 GHz and its required gamma matching
network.
The antenna should be matched to a frequency between 50 Ω and 200 Ω.
You are permitted to
approximate the circle with an octagon.
Figure 3: Cycloid Dipole Antenna
(a)
Get yourself familiar with Cycloid dipole antenna here
. This link
and figure 6-35 from the Stutzman
textbook can help you with the gamma match. Explain how this antenna radiates and what the polarization
would be. Is it possible to achieve fully circular polarization? If yes, under what condition?
(b)
What is the role of the capacitor in the gamma match? How can one calculate its optimum value for
a given antenna operating at a certain frequency? Discuss.
(c)
Design and simulate a 1 GHz cycloid dipole in
MMANA-GAL
and report gain, VSWR, input
impedance, front to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation patterns.
Do this for both vertical and horizontal
polarizations.
5
ECSE 405:
Antennas
- Simulation Projects
October 2022
Project V: Square Loop Antenna
You are to design and simulate a square loop antenna operating at 1 GHz and radiating towards +
z
direction.
Figure 4: Square Loop Antenna
(a)
Discuss the operation mechanism and calculate the dimensions of the antenna by hand, using the
analytical formulas. What is the polarization of this antenna? Why?
(b)
Design and simulate the antenna in
MMANA-GAL
and report gain, VSWR, input impedance, front
to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation patterns.
(c)
Plot the current densities on all wires. Discuss the current distribution. Study the role that the location
of the excitation source plays. Report input impedance and VSWR for various locations of excitation.
(d)
In the pursuit of improving front to back ratio of the array antenna, add a perfect ground plane to
your configuration. Use the optimizer to find the optimum height between the array and the ground plane
for maximum gain and front to back ratio. Report your findings.
(e)
Use four of these antennas in a 2D array to improve maximum gain.
report gain, VSWR, input
impedance, front to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation patterns.
Do this for both vertical and horizontal
polarizations.
6
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ECSE 405:
Antennas
- Simulation Projects
October 2022
Project VI: Wire Biconical Antenna
You are to design and simulate a wideband wire biconical antenna at 100 MHz with an omnidirectional
pattern, matched to a 50 Ω impedance.
Figure 5: Wire Biconical Antenna
(a)
Discuss why biconical antenna is widebanded and how we may approximate this antenna via a few
tilted radial dipole antennas.
(b)
Simulate the antenna with different number of dipole antennas to find out about their effect on the
performance of the antenna. Report gain, VSWR, input impedance, front to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation
patterns for each.
(c)
Considering the size of the antenna, discuss whether it’s possible to increase broadside gain of the
antenna via using an array. If it’s possible pair up four of these antenna together in a uniform linear array
for a better gain. Report gain, VSWR, input impedance, front to back ratio, 2D and 3D radiation patterns.
7