Chapter 13 Reading Worksheet
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Latin for the New Millennium Chapter 13 Reading Worksheet Read p. 225-227 and answer the questions below: 1.
Have you heard the quotation on p. 225 before? In Latin, in English, or both? Did you know it was by the Roman poet Horace? “carpe Diem” seize the day and yes I have heard it before and no I did not know it was by Horace i
2.
Review Introduction p. xxxii-xxxiii. What are the three
different kinds of governments Rome had in its history? (Hint as you’re hunting
for the answer: the first ended in 509 BCE, the second ended in in about 27 BCE, and the third lasted until Rome fell.) Monarchy
: The Roman Kingdom, which lasted until 509 BCE when the last Roman king was overthrown.
Republic
: The Roman Republic, established in 509 BCE and lasting until about 27 BCE. This period was characterized by a complex form of elected government.
Empire
: The Roman Empire, beginning in 27 BCE when Augustus (Octavian) became the first emperor. This period lasted until the fall of
the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE.
3.
Continue reviewing Introduction p. xxxii-xxxiii. In the last century BCE, what shakes the Roman Republic apart? In the last century BCE, the Roman Republic was shaken apart by a series of civil wars, political conflicts, and the concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals, such as Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, who formed the First Triumvirate. The assassination of Julius
Caesar in 44 BCE further destabilized the Republic, leading to more civil wars.
4.
Continue reviewing Introduction p. xxxii-xxxiii. Who is Octavian?
What title and what name did he get in 27 BCE? Octavian is the adopted heir of Julius Caesar. In 27 BCE, the Roman Senate awarded him the title "Augustus," marking the beginning of the Roman Empire and his reign as its first emperor. The name "Augustus" signifies the revered or sacred one, establishing his authority and the new political order.
5.
Continue reviewing Introduction p. xxxii-xxxiii. Fill in the blank: Octavian (Augustus) is the first ruler in what is known as the Roman “principate”, or e____________. (Therefore he is often called the first “Roman emperor.”) EMPIRE 6.
Back to p. 226: Who did Octavian defeat at Actium in 31 BCE to bring an end to Rome’s civil wars? What did he do after his victory at Actium? At the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra, bringing an end to Rome's civil wars.
what Octavian did after his victory, he initiated a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, reformed the Roman tax system, developed a network of roads, and patronized the arts, among
other achievements.
7.
According to p. 226, what Latin term was used to mean “first citizen,” a term Augustus used to refer to himself? The Latin term used to mean "first citizen," which Augustus used to refer to himself, is "Princeps Civitatis." This term emphasizes the role of Augustus as the foremost citizen of Rome, rather than a monarch or dictator, aligning with the Roman Republic's values.
8.
According to p. 226, what is the Latin term for the era of “Roman peace” established by Augustus? The Latin term for the era of
"Roman peace" established by Augustus is "Pax Romana." This period is characterized by relative peace and stability throughout the Roman Empire, lasting approximately from 27 BCE to 180 CE.
9.
According to p. 226, who is Horace? Horace is a Roman poet known for his odes, satires, and epistles. He was a contemporary of Augustus and benefited from the patronage of Maecenas, a close advisor to Augustus. Horace's works are celebrated
for their mastery of Latin lyric poetry and insightful commentary on Roman society and politics.
10.
Did Horace and Vergil live at the same time? Yes, Horace and Vergil (Virgil) lived at the same time. Both were part of the circle of poets and intellectuals patronized by Maecenas and were influential figures in the Augustan age of Roman literature.
11.
What does the title of the Latin passage “DĒ HOMINE IMPORTŪNŌ” mean? (Note from Dictionary.com in case you’re not familiar with the English word “boorish” which is used in the Reading Vocabulary: “Boorish, oafish, rude, uncouth all describe persons, acts, manners, or mannerisms that violate in some way the generally accepted canons of polite, considerate behavior.”) means "About the Annoying Man" or "Concerning the Importunate Man." The term "importunus" in Latin can describe someone who is troublesome, annoying, or persistent in an unwelcome manner, aligning with the English word "boorish" as described.
12.
What is the Via Sacra? The Via Sacra, or Sacred Way, is one of the most famous streets in ancient Rome. It was a main thoroughfare that ran through the Roman Forum, leading from the top of the Capitoline Hill through some of the most religiously significant parts of the city, including the Forum, and ending at the Colosseum. 13.
In the Latin passage, where does Horace say he’s going? How does the annoying guy respond? What makes the guy in the Latin story Horace is talking to annoying? In the Latin passage, Horace says he is going to visit a friend across the Tiber River. The annoying man responds by insisting on accompanying Horace, despite Horace's attempts to politely decline. What makes the man annoying is his refusal to accept Horace's polite refusals, his persistence in following Horace, and his intrusive questioning about Horace's acquaintances and intentions.
14.
On p. 227 in the Latin passage there is amention of the temple of Vesta. Who is Vesta (review p. 102)? Vesta is the Roman goddess of the hearth, home, and family. The Temple of Vesta in Rome was a small, round temple in the Roman Forum where the sacred fire of Rome was kept burning by the Vestal Virgins. Vesta's worship was fundamental to Roman religion
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15.
How is Horace saved in the end? Write out the Latin that answers this question and translate it. Horace is saved in the end by the sudden arrival of another person who calls away the annoying man to go to the judge. "Tunc homō ad nōs subitō venit et importūnum vocat: 'Quō ambulās? Mēcum ad iūdicem venīre dēbēs.' Deinde importūnum ad iūdicem dūcit et mē servat."
Translated into English, this means:
"Then suddenly a man comes to us and calls the importunate man: 'Where are you walking? You must come with me to the judge.' Then he leads the importunate man to the judge and saves me."
This passage describes how Horace is relieved from the persistent annoyance of the importunate man by an external intervention, highlighting a sudden and unexpected resolution to his predicament.
Read p. 228-229 and answer the questions below: 16.
What is the imperative mood used for? The imperative mood in Latin is used to give commands, orders, requests, or instructions. It is the mood of direct address, where the speaker is directly addressing the listener or audience to perform a specific action.
17.
How do you make a singular imperative? To form a singular imperative in Latin, you typically use the present tense stem of the verb. For most verbs, the singular imperative is formed by removing the -re ending from the second person singular present indicative form. For example, for the verb "amare" (to love), the singular imperative would be "ama" (love).
18.
How do you make a plural imperative? To form a plural imperative in Latin, you also use the present tense stem of the verb. The plural imperative is formed by removing the -re ending from the second person plural present indicative form. For example, for the verb "monere" (to warn), the plural imperative would be "monete" (warn).
19.
How do you make a negative imperative in the singular and plural? To form a negative imperative in Latin, you typically use the present subjunctive form of the verb with the particle "noli" (singular) or
"nolite" (plural). Here's how you would form the negative imperative in the singular and plural:
Singular Negative Imperative: Use "noli" + present subjunctive verb. For example, "noli amare" (do not love).
Plural Negative Imperative: Use "nolite" + present subjunctive verb. For example, "nolite amare" (do not love).
20.
Looking at the “Study Tip” on p. 229, explain how the Latin words for hello and goodbye are actually imperatives. Hello
: The Latin word for hello, "salve," is derived from the imperative "salve!" which means "be well!" It is a greeting that wishes the person well, similar to saying "be well" or "be in good health."
Goodbye
: The Latin word for goodbye, "vale," is derived from the imperative "vale!" which means "be strong!" or "be well!" It is a farewell that wishes the person strength or well-being as they depart.
Read p. 231-232 and answer the questions below: 21.
Does Latin use the genitives of the first and second person pronouns to indicate possession? If not, how would you say “my,” “your,”
etc.? Latin does not typically use the genitives of the first and second person pronouns to indicate possession in the same way that English uses "my" or "your." Instead, Latin uses possessive adjectives. Here are the possessive adjectives for the first and second person singular and plural:
"My" is "meus, mea, meum" in masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively.
"Your" (singular) is "tuus, tua, tuum" in masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively.
"Our" is "noster, nostra, nostrum" in masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively.
"Your" (plural) is "vester, vestra, vestrum" in masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively.
22.
Fill in the blank: When the genitive expresses the whole that a part is taken out of (e.g., ūnusquisque nostrum
= “Each one of us
”), this is called a p___________
genitive.
When the genitive expresses the whole that a part is taken out of (e.g., "ūnusquisque nostrum" = "Each one of us"), this is called a partitive
genitive.
23.
Fill in the blank: When the genitive is joined to a nouns that is closely related to a verb (e.g., Meus amor tuī
= “My love for (of) you
”), this is called an o___________
genitive. When the genitive is joined to nouns that are closely related to a verb
(e.g., "Meus amor tuī" = "My love for (of) you"), this is called an objective
genitive.
Read p. 234 and answer the questions below: 24.
When is suus, sua, suum
used, and how is it translated? "Suus, sua, suum" is a reflexive possessive adjective used to indicate possession when the owner is the same as the subject of the sentence.
It is translated as "his own," "her own," "its own," or "their own," depending on the context. The use of "suus, sua, suum" emphasizes that the object belongs to the subject of the clause. For example, in the sentence "Marcus libros suos legit," which means "Marcus reads his own books," "suos" refers back to "Marcus," indicating that the books he is reading belong to him.
25.
When would you use eius
(his/her) or eōrum
(their) and not suus, sua, suum
? "Eius" (his/her) and "eōrum" (their) are non-reflexive
genitive singular and plural pronouns, respectively, and are used when the owner is not the subject of the sentence. You would use "eius" or "eōrum" instead of "suus, sua, suum" when you need to indicate possession by someone other than the subject. For example, in the sentence "Marcus libros eius legit," which means "Marcus reads
his/her books," "eius" refers to someone other than Marcus. Similarly, "eōrum" would be used to refer to "their" in a context where "their" does not refer back to the subject of the sentence.
Read p. 236-238 and answer the questions below: 26.
Review the cardinal and ordinal numerals chart on p. 236. Which of them do you recognize, based on derivatives (e.g., quartus
,
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which means “fourth,” gives us the word “quarter” which is ¼)? Quartus (fourth) giving us "quarter" meaning one-fourth.
Quintus (fifth) giving us "quintessential" meaning the most perfect or typical example of something.
Decimus (tenth) giving us "decimal" relating to the base-10 number system.
27.
How familiar are you with Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, etc.)? not very familiar but I have seen them and know some of them. 28.
How did the Romans tell time? They divided the day into 12 hours from sunrise to sunset and the night into 12 hours from sunset to sunrise. This meant that the length of an hour varied depending on the time of year, with longer hours in summer and shorter hours in winter.
29.
Find at least one imperative in the “Late for School” conversation, write out the Latin, and translate it. 30.
In the Derivatives section on p. 238, choose one derivative that you think will help you remember a difficult word and explain how it will help you.