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Apr 3, 2024
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Breaking the Stereotypes of Black Mothers’ Postpartum Mental Health Oppression Makayla E Campbell
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
ENGL 105.024
Amy Chan
January 24, 2024
Annotated Bibliography
Bodnar-Deren, S., Benn, E. K. T., Balbierz, A., & Howell, E. A. (2017). Stigma and postpartum depression treatment acceptability among black and white women in the first six-months postpartum.
Maternal and Child Health Journal
,
21
(7), 1457–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2263-6
This article within the Maternal and Child Health Journal studies the stigmatisms against postpartum treatments for minority women, specifically Black women, from receiving care. The participants included Black, White, and Latina women, all surveyed on mental and clinical status over a 6-
month postpartum period, and at the final survey they were surveyed on acceptability to postpartum depression treatments. Results revealed that Black women were less likely to receive
mental care for postpartum depression, and more likely to feel ashamed to tell their friends/family they were struggling mentally. This article assesses the hesitation of Black women
to confide in a Health care provider for mental health, but from the angle of medication and treatment. A weakness of the article was instead of exploring the lack of trust Black women have
to providers, the authors blamed it on “stigmatism”. I plan to use this article to express the outcome of a weak patient-provider relationship between Black women and individuals in the healthcare system. I also want to highlight the effect of the emotional instability stereotype. Bossick, A. S., Bossick, N. R., Callegari, L. S., Carey, C. M., Johnson, H., & Katon, J. G. (2022). Experiences of racism and postpartum depression symptoms, care-seeking, and diagnosis.
Archives of Women’s Mental Health
,
25
(4), 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-
022-01232-w
Postpartum depression is studied in this research in Archives of Women’s Mental Health with Experiences of emotional upset due to racism (EUR) as an independent variable. Authors question if the EUR received by Black women and POC 12 months before they had their baby result in more negative postpartum mental health by surveying them with self-report questions on mental stability. Results reveal that those that experienced EUR in the previous months were more susceptible to postpartum depression than those who had not experienced EUR. The strengths of this article lie in the realization of a cause-and-effect chain within postpartum mental
health and racism. Weaknesses include the self-reported responses from participants rather than real medical evaluations to assess the symptoms reported, as well as little elaboration on what EUR the participants experienced. I plan to use this research to further the claim that postpartum health oppression is furthered with racism to Black women, even outside the healthcare field. Erving, C. L., Williams, T. R., Frierson, W., & Derisse, M. (2022). Gendered racial microaggressions,
psychosocial resources, and depressive symptoms among black women attending a historically black university.
Society and Mental Health
,
12
(3), 230–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/21568693221115766
This journal article by Society and Mental Health studies the intersectionality of gendered racial microaggressions (GRMS) on Black women, and the negative effects it has on their mental health. Research was done by assessing the frequency of (GRMS) with a mixed-method longitudinal study in participants and leveledscales that assess participants’ moods and depressiveness. Results concluded that GRMs was associated with more mental health issues. The strength of this study is the dimensions studied to GRMS, like sexual objectification, silenced and marginalized, strong Black women, and angry Black woman. The weakness is the
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hypothesis they studied because I feel like it is a question that has already been answered. I want to use this research to included stereotypes of emotional instability in Black women (angry Black
woman, only allowed to be strong Black woman, emotionally silenced, etc.), and their expected roles when influencing oppression. This article supports my claim that Black women are expected to have out-of-ordinary emotions, while also linking to my article cited by Bossick, that
postpartum health is influenced by pre-pregnancy as well. Floyd James, K., Smith, B. E., Robinson, M. N., Thomas Tobin, C. S., Bulles, K. F., & Barkin, J. L. (2023). Factors associated with postpartum maternal functioning in black women: A secondary analysis.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
,
12
(2), 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020647
This article in the Journal of Clinical Medicine
questions why Black women who experience postpartum depressive symptoms are less identified and less likely referred to mental care services. Research was done by conducting a multivariate analysis between maternal functioning
and variables like race and sociodemographic characteristics, where it was concluded that the racial identity of these women in a society standardized on non-POC mothers directly influences their postpartum care. The strength of this article was the inclusion of the variable on sociodemographic characteristics of these women (relationship status. Education, insurance, etc.). The article could have elaborated more on what the statistics discovered meant in response to the question of why these women don’t receive help. I will use this article to elaborate on the variables that can cause a healthcare provider to have preconceived stereotypes. Ogunwole, S. M., Oguntade, H. A., Bower, K. M., Cooper, L. A., & Bennett, W. L. (2023). Health experiences of african american mothers, wellness in the postpartum period and beyond (Heal):
A qualitative study applying a critical race feminist theoretical framework.
International Journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health
,
20
(13), 6283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136283
The study within the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health aims to explore the factors that culturally and socially effect Black mothers postpartum care, and the specific complications that are assumed to be more apparent, rather than attempted to be prevented. Methods used were interviews with Black women who were postpartum up to a year, where interviewers asked participants to explain their experiences, where data was later coded and transcribed. Results showed common experiences of obstetric racism, social determinants when seeking healthcare, and more. This study was my favorite in relevance to the topic of postpartum mental health oppression in Black women, specifically because it included self-
reported free-speech data from Black women, collected by Black women. This allowed for participants to be comfortable to confide. The structure of this data could be considered a weakness, for it was less organized. I will use this study to speak on Black women feeling like they cannot confide in healthcare providers because of the on-going racism experienced.
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