Lab 3 Basic Hydraulics
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California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo *
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BRAE 340 Irrigation Water Management Page 1 BRAE 340 - Irrigation Water Management Lab – Basic Pipeline Hydraulics Name: Date: BRAE 340 Lab: Day: ____________ Time: ___________ Section #: ________ Names of Others in Your Discussion Group: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________
BRAE 340 Irrigation Water Management Page 2 BRAE 340 - Irrigation Water Management Basic Pipeline Hydraulics Introduction The goal of this lab is to introduce you to basic pipeline hydraulics. There are three components, which are pressure, elevation, and velocity head. The sum of these three energy components can be graphically displayed and are referred to as a Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL). We will do this in lab. We will also learn how pressure on an orifice (sprinkler nozzle) affects the flow rate. Today’s exercise will demonstrate the relationship between elevation, pressure, and loss (primarily friction) due to flow rate. The exercise will also demonstrate how pressure affects the flow rate from a sprinkler nozzle. A demonstration of water hammer will also be conducted. Data Analysis Using the data collected in lab, complete the tables provided below and plot the data on the graph. Discussion Questions Discuss the questions among yourselves, taking notes as necessary to remember the key points of the discussion. Write your own answers to the questions in the space provided. Lab Report • Completed data collection • Graph of pressures and elevation • Answers to all questions based on your notes Grades
• Participation, contribution and discussion from field exercise, 15% • Completed Data Collection and Analysis, 55% • Written answers to questions, 30%
BRAE 340 Irrigation Water Management Page 3 Field Work Procedure
Part 1 – Hydraulic Grade Lines (HGL) 1.
Divide into about six groups. 2.
Using the hydraulic demonstration area at the Water Resources Facility (WRF), collect the data required to complete the table below and plot the data on the graph. You will need to gather the data from the other groups to complete this portion of the lab. 3.
Determine the length between each of the site tubes. 4.
Run the system at four different conditions
: a.
Static b.
Low Flow c.
High Flow d.
Flow from the Mid-Point (middle valve) (
15 pts
) Height of Water/Pressure (mm) Standpipe 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pipe Length (ft) 0 Static Test Low Flow Test High Flow Test Middle Valve Test (
5 pts
)
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BRAE 340 Irrigation Water Management Page 4 5.
Using the data that you’ve gathered, complete the table below using the Bernoulli equation. You can assume that Standpipe #6 is at 0 mm of elevation. 6.
Also calculate the total energy lost
for each condition. You will also use the Bernoulli equation to figure this out. (
20 pts
) Elevation, Pressure, HGL and Losses (mm) Standpipe 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pipe Length (ft) 0 Pipe Elevation (mm) 0 Static Pressure (Height) Static HGL (Elev + P) Loss (Static HGL - HGL) Low Flow Pressure (Height) HGL (Elev + P) Loss (Static HGL - HGL) High Flow Pressure (Height) HGL (Elev + P) Loss (Static HGL - HGL) Middle Valve Pressure (Height) HGL (Elev + P) Loss (Static HGL - HGL) 7.
Graph the HGL for each condition. Clearly show
the pressure, elevation, and H
f
loss for Standpipe #3
. Use arrows
to show where each component is located on the graph for the high flow condition
. (
10 pts
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
HGL (mm, P + Elev)
Distance (ft, between measurement points)
Hydraulic Grade Line
(Pressure + Elevation vs. Distance)
Pipeline
Static Head
Low Flow Test
High Flow Test
Middle Valve Test
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BRAE 340 Irrigation Water Management Page 5 Part 2 – Water Hammer 1.
As a group, see how
water hammer affects pipelines. 2.
Learn what causes water hammer and how it can be prevented. Part 3 – Pressure on a Nozzle 1.
Using the Wade Rain kit, demonstrate how pressure on an orifice (a sprinkler nozzle) impacts the flow rate. 2.
Use the blue nozzle and attach the Wade Rain kit directly to the facet at the Irrigation Practices Field (IPF). 3.
Record the pressure and determine the flow rate using the graph provided. 4.
Now, remove the Wade Rain kit and add a 100’ hose between the kit and the facet. This will add friction to the system. 5.
With the same blue nozzle, hold the Wade Rain kit at the same elevation as the nozzle and record the pressure and determine the flow rate using the graph provided. (
5 pts
) Pressure Flow Rate (psi) (gpm) Test #1 (no hose) Test #2 (with hose) 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pressure (psi)
Flow Rate (gpm)
Wade Rain - Pressure (psi) vs. Flow Rate (gpm)
#8 Lavender
#12 Red
#16 Orange
#20 Turquoise
#24 Blue
Poly. (#8 Lavender)
3
8
2
6
2
0
BRAE 340 Irrigation Water Management Page 6 Data Collection and Analysis Discussion Questions
: Write your own answers to the questions in the space provided. (
6 pts each
) 1.
How much total loss is there for the high flow condition? Is that the highest flow rate that could be achieved? Explain.
2. Explain why the HGL looks the way it does when the middle valve is open, and the end valve is closed. Why is there no slope past the middle valve? 3.
What device could be installed on a pipeline to reduce the effects of water hammer? How does it work
?
4.
If you wanted to maintain the pressure at the end of a pipeline on level ground, would you select a larger diameter pipe or a smaller diameter pipe? Explain why.
5.
You are squirting water from a garden hose by partially blocking the end. As you remove your thumb from the end of the garden hose, what happens to the pressure and flow rate just inside the end of the hose? Explain the process detailing how and why the pressure and flow change.
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