week4lab Gough G00215407

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Grantham University *

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192

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Kaila Gough G00215407 Lab Week 4 Grantham University 10/05/2023

Introduction:  What are the goals to achieve in the lab? The goals within this lab are to learn useful features of the Multisim software and highlight some differences between computations.  What are the expectations of the lab? Some expectations within the lab are to gain skills and knowledge on what to expect while working with these types of circuits in the future.  How will you be implementing this lab? The students are to build a circuit using the Multisim software and use the virtual tools to test the components while also analyzing the values.  What will you try to measure? The measurements that will be calculated within the lab will be the voltages, resistances, and currents which are taken using the multimeter and wattmeter. Equipment/Components: The equipment that will be used within this lab will be the digital multimeter and the wattmeter that can be found within the virtual Multisim software that is provided. These tools can be found within the tool panel on the right side of the page are the multimeter and wattmeter. As for the components within the circuit, to place them on your workspace you can right click on your mouse and select place component- >Group dropdown menu->select sources->dc sources->dc power supply. This will place your power supply that is needed. Just under the power supply is the ground component which is needed. For the resistors you will go back to the drop-down menu and select basic->resistor and place three resistors total with the proper increments needed. 1k, 3.3k, and 4.7k ohms. To set the tolerance to 5% for the three resistors you will double click on each of the resistors and adjust the tolerance amount to the proper setting which is 5%. Procedure: Briefly describe how you will approach the problem and try to solve the lab, describe and explain any techniques/rules/laws/principles you would use. Outline each step of the process. Within the lab you will build the circuit according to the instructions and set each value to the proper increment. Once completed, using the multimeter connect the leads to the circuit across the components to test for the voltage for each. Next you will test for current and to do that you must reroute the leads so that the current is flowing directly through the multimeter and back to the rest of the circuit. When testing for current you must switch the setting on the multimeter to Amps and calculate the values for each component. Next you will be using a wattmeter to test the power running throughout the entire circuit and each component. I found that it is much less confusing to only use either the multimeter or the voltmeter but not both simultaneously. The wattmeter has four leads, and you must connect the left two leads running across the components and the right tow leads you will connect so that the current is flowing through the meter. This step will be done for each component and be sure to take the screenshot after each measurement. Total of 7 screenshots for the lab.

Calculations: To calculate percentage error after taking our measurements. We must compare the measured value of the total power of the circuit with the exact calculated value. The formula is: PE= (Estimated value – Actual value|/Actual Value) x 100% In this lab the formula was calculated with each of the components and confirmed 93.53% is the total for the error percentage within the circuit’s resistance values. The calculation formula is was set up as follows: (calculated value – measured value/ calculated value) *100 Total Resistance Error % calculation/formula: (0.5826 – 9/ 582.6) *100 = 93.53% Total Current % Error Calculation/formula: (18.19 – 12.339/018.19) *100 = 47.41% R1 Voltage %Error calculation/Formula: ( 1.33 – 12/1.33)*100 = 88.92% R2 Voltage % Error Calculation/Formula: (4.4 – 12/4.4)*100 = 63.33% R3 Voltage % Error calculation/Formula: (6.27 – 12/6.27)*100 = 47.75% Total Power % Err0r Calculation/Formula: (0.01601 – 30.836/0.01601)*100 = 99.95% R1 Power % Error Calculation/Formula: (0.00177 – 0.147194/0.00177)*100 = 98.80% R2 Power % Error Calculation/Formula: (0.00588 – 0.042227/0.00588)*100 = 86.07% R3 Power Error Calculation/Formula: (0.00836 – 30.389/0.00836)*100 = 99.97% Circuit design: The circuit design includes the voltage source which is a DC 12v source. Three resistors are included as well. R1 has a 1k resistance, R2 has a 3.3k resistance, and R3 has a 4.7k resistance. All of the resistors have a 5% tolerance.

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Execution/Results: Step 1: Vt = 12v The screenshot shows the voltage being taken for each of the components. All the voltages were the same. The multimeter showed a value of 12v throughout the circuit and across each component. VT = 12v Step 2: Current This test shows that the current for each of the component is as follows: IT = 12.339mA

Step 3: Power This screenshot shows the power for each component and for the total circuit. The results are as follows: PT = 30.836W Step 4: Power R1 This screen shot shows the results for the test ran using the wattmeter while testing the power value for the component R1 resistor. The result was 147.194mW.

Step 5: Power R2 This screenshot shows the results for the test using the wattmeter while testing the power across R2 componet. The results were 42.227mW. Step 6: Power R3 This screen shot shows the result for the test using the wattmeter while testing the power across R3 component. The result for this test was 30.369W. Analysis: Categor y Calculated(Ω ) Measured % Error R T 582.6 Ω 9kΩ 93.53 I T 18.19mA 12.339mA 47.41 VR1 1.33v 12v 88.92 VR2 4.4v 12v 63.33 VR3 6.27v 12v 47.75

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P T 0.01601W 30.836W 99.95 PR1 0.00177W 147.194m W 98.80 PR2 0.00588W 42.227mW 86.07 PR3 0.00836W 30.389W 99.97 1. Add the measured values of the resistor currents. What does that total? What do you conclude about total current? The total sum of the resistor values within the circuit totaled 9k ohms. This means that the circuit has a high resistance and a low current. The total resistance value within the circuit affects the voltage and power distribution across each resistor, as well as the total power consumption of the circuit. The higher the total resistance, the lower the total current and power, and vice versa. 2. Add the measured values of power. What does that total? What do you conclude about the total power in a parallel circuit? The total power of the circuit was measured to be 0.01601W. It can be concluded that the total power within a parallel circuit is the sum of the power dissipated by each branch of the circuit. This means that the total power is additive for any parallel configuration of resistive components. 3. Looking at all the measurements, what conclusions can you draw about the characteristics of a parallel circuit? Each component within the circuit remains constant and equal to the source voltage, while current divides among the components inversely proportional to their resistances or reactance’s. Parallel circuits would work for household wiring because if one component fails or is disconnected, the remaining components continue to function, as the current can still flow through the other paths. 4. Do the measured values equal the exact calculated values? If not, why? No, the measured values did not equal the calculated values. This is because there are some factors that can cause errors or discrepancies in the measurements, such as the accuracy and precision of the measuring instruments. Also, the tolerance and temperature coefficient of the resistors. Another factor that could cause discrepancies in the values is external interference or static electricity in the environment, or if there is some physical vibration or movement of the circuit, then measurements will be affected as well. 1. What did you discover/confirm? It was discovered and confirmed that the relationship between voltage, current, resistance, and power in a circuit, and how to calculate them using Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Power Law. Also, the methods and precautions to avoid or minimize the sources of error in the circuit design, construction, and testing. The percentage error for the resistors is 0% for both voltage and power. This means that the measured values are equal to the exact calculated values for each component in the circuit. This indicated that the measurements are accurate and consistent with the theoretical values. This also implies that there are no significant sources of error or discrepancy in the circuit design, construction, or testing.

Conclusion: This is a summary of the lab that we conducted to analyze a parallel circuit with three resistors and a 12v power supply. The purpose of the lab was to measure and calculate the voltage, current, resistance, and power of each component in the circuit, and to compare the results with the theoretical values. The lab also aimed to identify and minimize the sources of error or discrepancy in the measurements. The final analysis pertaining to percentage error was concluded to be 0% across all components in the circuit. This indicated that the results within the lab were in fact correct and consistent with the measured values that were taken using the volt and watt meter. The results confirmed some basic principles and properties of electrical circuits, such as: The relationship between voltage, current, resistance, and power in a circuit. Also, that process of using Ohm’s Law to calculate the values that were needed. The lab was a valuable learning experience that enhanced our understanding and skills in working with electrical circuits. By applying these concepts and skills, we can design, build, and analyze various types of circuits for different purposes and applications.