Neupane_Suyog_Lab5_SuperpositionSpring2024

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab Experiment Resistive Networks Part 2 - Superposition Intro to EE, Freshman Practicum PreLab Reading e Read: Sign Convention (Passive) o Wikipedia Article e Read Chapters 8-10 of the online text below Vol | - Direct Current (DC) o http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/ 0 Special attention to the Superposition section within Chapter 10 e Read Chapter 3 of the online text Vol 3 - Semiconductors {(Intro to Diodes) 0 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-3/introduction-to- diodes-and-rectifiers/ 0 Special attention to the section about Zener Diodes PreLab circuit simulation Work ahead to analyze and produce calculated values (Multisim or Excel) for all three circuits in the lab below. In class, the circuit in part A will be built and measured, but a calculated result must be obtained before measuring the actual circuit. Lab . Introduction The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with important Electrical Engineering theorems. The experiments performed in this lab involve the following concepts - e Build on previous theorems: Ohms Law, KVL, KCL e Superposition theorem for linear devices (like resistors and DC voltage supplies) e Learn how a semiconductor device called a Zener diode can be used as a reasonable alternative to a voltage source and how it disobeys the principle of superposition because it is a non-linear device The theory and equations associated with these experiments are covered in your pre-lab assignment. Your job in this session is to investigate and apply the theorems on resistive networks to provide a hands-on experience to the theory covered in the lectures on these topics. ll. Experiment Procedures The procedure for performing experiments on three different circuits is attached. These experiments involve the theory and applications covered in the lecture on superposition, and Zener diode operation. In your lab report, provide detailed answers and discussions to the following - e Discussion. (a) With respect to resistor tolerance, are the results of the measurements within tolerance to calculated values using specified component values? (b) Explain reasons for any discrepancies between calculated and measured results. (c) How useful are these theorems and operations? Can you think of any specific applications? Calculated results come from Multisim. You will do two different Multisim calculations. One with the specified resistors values and one with the measured resistor values. Measured values come from using your DMM to take measurements on the actual circuit breadboard

In class the circuit in part A below will be constructed, operated, and measured. Work ahead using Multisim or Excel to produce calculated values in ALL the circuits below BEFORE coming to class. Every table entry in the rest of this handout marked ‘calculated’ should have a value that you expect to measure when you build the circuit in class. In class you will verify that calculated value with a measurement. Part A. Circuit shown in Figure 1 (Build and analyze with Multisim before class) 1. Measure the resistance of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 1(a) where indicated (you may also transfer measured values from previous lab) 2. Perform the following operations. a. With V1 turned on and operating, measure its value and record in Table 1(a) then turn off voltage source V2 by removing it from the circuit and replacing it with a short circuit i. calculate voltage Vs (use Multisim) using the specified component values and record in Table 1(b), ii. calculate voltage Vs (use Multisim) using the measured component values and record in Table 1(b), iii. measure with the DMM voltage Vs from the breadboard and record in Table 1(b), and iv. calculate the difference in percent (%) between Vs measured and V,; calculated with specified component values as the basis, and record in Table 1(b). b. With V2 turned on and operating, measure its value and record in Table 1(a) then turn off voltage source V1 by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit, i. calculate voltage Vs (use Multisim) using the specified component values and record in Table 1(b), ii. calculate voltage Vs (use Multisim) using the measured component values and record in Table 1(b), iii. measure with the DMM voltage Vs from the breadboard and record in Table 1(b), and iv. calculate the difference in percent (%) between Vs measured and Vs calculated with specified component values as the basis, and record in Table 1(b). c. Apply the superposition theorem to i. calculate the total voltage for V5 by adding the values calculated from specified component values, record in Table 1(b), and ii. calculate the total voltage for Vs by adding the values calculated from measured component values, record in Table 1(b). d. With V1 and V2 turned on and operating, i. measure the total voltage V4 directly from circuit, and ii. calculate the difference in percent (%) between the total Vs measured and the total Vg calculated with specified component values as the basis, and record in Table 1(b). 2. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the ease of making these measurements. R1 A R2 A4, NNV 39kQ29.4kQ w1 w2 — 14V R3 — 14V Soiic B Figure 1

Table 1(a) Component values Component | Specified value Measured value V1 14V V2 -14V 30k 30.217k R4 R, 15k 14.98k R 5.1k 5.09k Table 1(b) Circuit voltages Calculated from Calculated from stg:zzS R me\?:llljj;id : Measured Difference 0, Voltage (Vas) (Vo) (Vas) (%) Vas (V1 removed) 3152 -3.154 -3.156 -0.12 Vs (V2 removed) 1.576 1.564 1.565 0.7 Vs (total) -1.576 -1.59 -1.591 -0.95

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Part B. Circuit in Figure 2 1. Build circuit shown in Figure 2 in Multisim 2. Perform the operations similar to those performed in Part A. a. With Eg; turned on and operating, turn off voltage source Eg, by removing it from the circuit and replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages Vs and Ve, and record in the first column of Table 2. b. With Eg, turned on and operating, turn off voltage source Eg; by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages Vs and V¢p, and record in the second column of Table 2. c. Apply the superposition theorem to calculate total measured values for Vas and Ve, (add column 1 and 2) and record in the third column of Table 2. d. With Eg; and Eg; turned on and operating, measure Vs and V¢, directly from circuit, and record in the fourth column of Table 2. D 4.7KQ Table 2 Circuit voltages Calculated with Calculated with Total from Total Es, removed Ec: removed superposition Calculation Voltage (V) (V) (V) (V) -9.745 6.744 -3.001 -3.001 Vag 1.795 573.708mV 2.368 2.368 Voo

Part C. Zener Diode 1. Find a datasheet for a IN749A Zener Diode. Record the value reverse breakdown voltage below: 1N749A Reverse Breakdown voltage 4.3V. 2. Build the circuit shown in Figure 3 in multisim. Include a voltmeter to measure the voltage across the Diode source with the reference shown and an ammeter to measure the current flowing right to left. (Note: for easy wiring, you can right-click on the meters in your circuit, and flip them horizontally.) 4. Operate the supply voltage (Vsupply) between + 20V in stepsof 1V (i.e.,-20V, -19 V, -18 V, etc.) and place your results in Table 3 5. Plot the |-V characteristics of the diode using the data from Table 5 of the Lab Report. You should either do a **CLEAR** plot by hand or use a program like EXCEL and paste the results in the space provided 1kQ Current 1N749A 5100 - Voltage + Vewoy (_ ) 2kQ 2000 - Figure 3: Third Circuit Using a Zener Diode

Table 3: Diode Voltage and Diode Current Values for the Zener Diode in Figure 3 Value (V) Voltage (V) mV Current (mA) -20 0.839021 21.993 -19 0.837035 20.893 -18 0.834968 19.794 -17 0.832808 18.694 -16 0.830544 17.594 -15 0.828161 16.495 -14 0.825604 15.395 -13 0.822962 14.295 -12 0.820095 13.196 -11 0.817005 12.096 -10 0.813643 10.997 -9 0.809944 9.897 -8 0.805814 8.797 -7 0.801118 7.698 -0 0.795641 ©.598 -5 0.789019 5.498 -4 0.780557 4.399 -3 0.768647 3.299 -2 0.747834 2.199 -1 0.625535 1.1 0 0 0 1 -0.6301406 -1.1 2 -1.26 -2.199 3 -1.89 -3.299 4 -2.521 -4.399 5 -3.151 -5.498 §) -3.781 -6.598 7 -4.188 -7.698 8 -4.222 -8.797 9 -4.237 -9.897 10 -4.247 -10.997 11 -4.254 -12.096 12 -4.26 -13.196 13 -4.265 -14.295 14 -4.27 -15.395 15 -4.274 -16.495 16 -4.277 -17.594 17 -4.28 -18.694 18 -4.,283 -19.794 19 -4.286 -20.893 20 -4.289 -21.993

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Plot the I-V characteristics of the diode using the data. You should either do a NEAT plot by hand or use a program like EXCEL. |-V Characteristic of Diode 25 15 10 < Y-Diode Current(mA) -25 X-Diode Voltage (V)