CST 122 Laboratory #3

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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CST 122.002 LAB REPORT #3: KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW, VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE, POWER Morgan Leigh, Jahqwan Bowden, BriYon Gladden FEBRUARY 18, 2020 NC A&T STATE UNIVERSITY – COMPUTER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY 1601 E. Market St., Greensboro, NC 27411

Contents I. OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................ 2 II. PARTS LIST ........................................................................................................................................... 2 III. General Understanding .................................................................................................................... 2 IV. Ohm’s Law ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 1: Ohm's Law Analysis Circuit ........................................................................................................... 3 V. Series Circuits (KVL, Voltage Divider Rule and Power) ......................................................................... 5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 1: Ohm's Law Analysis Circuit ........................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Measuring Current and Voltage .................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3: Series Circuit Analysis ................................................................................................................... 6 Table 1: Ohm’s Law Analysis; 7V DC ............................................................................................................ 3 Table 2: Ohm’s Law Analysis; 10V DC .......................................................................................................... 4 Table 3: Ohm’s Law Analysis; 12V DC .......................................................................................................... 5 Table 4: Series Circuit Analysis .................................................................................................................... 7 CST 112 Laboratory 1 | P a g e Spring 2020

I. OBJECTIVE The objective of this lab is to continue the study of Ohms Law and Series Circuits. Then, introduce two important theoretical circuit analysis concepts: Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and the Voltage Divider Rule (VDR). And finally, calculate and observe the total power created in the system and dissipated across each element (resistor) in the circuit. II. PARTS LIST DMM (Digital Multimeter), DC Power Supply, Breadboard, Multisim Software, 1kΩ, 2.2kΩ, 3.3kΩ, 4.7kΩ III. General Understanding a) What are some key characteristics of series circuits and connections?  Connected at one point (node)  All resistors share the same current b) What is Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and how does it relate to series circuits?  KVL is the sum of voltage rises equals the sum of voltage drops c) What is the voltage divider rule and how does it relate to series circuits?  VDR = (E T x R ? )/(R T )  Used to find the voltage of a resistor d) What are Power and Energy in terms of algebraic and how do you determine the amount of power and energy supplied in the system?  Power = Voltage x Current  Energy = Power x Time  You can find the wattage of a system by multiplying the Amps by the Volts IV. Ohm’s Law  Using the diagram shown in Figure 1, complete the calculations column using Ohm’s Law and insert results into Tables 1, 2 and 3.  Build the circuit shown in Figure 1 in Multisim. Set the voltage source to 7V. Connect the voltage source to R 1 as shown. Record the voltage across R 1 . Measure voltage across R1 and the current flowing through R 1 . Remember that voltage is “across” the resistor and current is “through” the resistor as depicted in Figure 2. Record the Multisim Values in Table 1.  Adjust the power supply to 10V and then 12V and repeat the previous steps for each resistor. Record results in Tables 1, 2 and 3.  Build the circuit shown in Figure 1 using the Breadboard. Repeat steps 2-4 and record all results into Tables 1, 2 and 3. Be sure to calculate percent error using the Breadboard and Calculated values. CST 112 Laboratory 2 | P a g e Spring 2020

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Figure 1: Ohm's Law Analysis Circuit Figure 2: Measuring Current and Voltage Table 1: Ohm's Law Analysis: 7V DC VDC=7V Resistor Value Calculated Voltage Calculated Current Multisim Voltage Measured Current Breadboard Voltage Breadboard Current % Error (BB vs Calculated) R1 (1KΩ) 7V 7mA 7V 7mA 7.04V 7mA 1.45% R2 (2.2KΩ) 7V 3.2mA 7V 3.2mA 7.04V 3.3mA 0% R3 (3.3KΩ) 7V 2.1mA 7V 2.1mA 7.04V 2.2mA 4.55% R4 (4.4KΩ) 7V 1.6mA 7V 1.6mA 7.04V 1.6mA 0% CST 112 Laboratory 3 | P a g e Spring 2020

Table 2: Ohm's Law Analysis: 10V DC VDC=10V Resistor Value Calculated Voltage Calculated Current Multisim Voltage Measured Current Breadboard Voltage Breadboard Current % Error (BB vs Calculated) R1 (1KΩ) 10V 10mA 10V 10mA 9.9V 9.8mA 2.3% R2 (2.2KΩ) 10V 4.5mA 10V 4.5mA 9.9V 4.6mA 0.09% R3 (3.3KΩ) 10V 3.0mA 10V 3.0mA 9.9V 3.1mA 0.66% R4 (4.4KΩ) 10V 2.3mA 10V 2.3mA 9.9V 2.1mA 0.09% CST 112 Laboratory 4 | P a g e Spring 2020

Table 3: Ohm's Law Analysis: 12V DC VDC=12V Resistor Value Calculated Voltage Calculated Current Multisim Voltage Measured Current Breadboard Voltage Breadboard Current % Error (BB vs Calculated) R1 (1KΩ) 12V 12mA 12V 12mA 11.9V 11.9mA 0.68% R2 (2.2KΩ) 12V 5.5mA 12V 5.5mA 11.9V 5.4mA 1.01% R3 (3.3KΩ) 12V 3.6mA 12V 3.6mA 11.9V 3.7mA 1.21% R4 (4.4KΩ) 12V 2.7mA 12V 2.7mA 11.9V 2.6mA 0.63% CST 112 Laboratory 5 | P a g e Spring 2020

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V. Series Circuits (KVL, Voltage Divider Rule and Power)  Using the diagram shown in Figure 3, complete the calculations column using Ohm’s Law and insert results into Tables 4.  Build the circuit shown in Figure 3 in Multisim . Record the Multisim Values in Table 4. Figure 3:Series Circuit Analysis CST 112 Laboratory 6 | P a g e Spring 2020

Table 4: Series Circuit Analysis Calculated Multisim (Measured) % Error (Multisim vs Calculated) E(V T ) R 1 1kΩ 0.990kΩ 1% R 2 2.2kΩ 2.16kΩ 1.56% R T 3.2 Ω 3.15K Ω 1.85% I T 3.13mA 3.17mA 1.26% I R1 3.13mA 3.17mA 1.26% I R2 3.13mA 3.17mA 1.26% V R1 3.13v 3.14v 0.32% V R2 6.87v 6.76v 1.63% P R1 9.80w 9.95w 1.51% P R2 21.50w 21.43w 0.32% P T 31.30w 31.38w 0.25% V R1 (VDR) 3.13v 3.11v 0.32% V R2 (VDR) 6.88v 6.74v 0.25%  Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of the Voltage Rises equals the sum of the voltage drops by the following equation: CST 112 Laboratory 7 | P a g e Spring 2020

 Consider the voltage drops V R1 , V R2 . What would you expect the sum total of the 2 voltage drops to equal? Why? Confirm your answer by summing the calculated voltage drops and comparing to the sum of the measured voltage drops (See Percent Error).  Power is the Product of the Voltage and Current as follows: P = V x I .  The Voltage Divider Rule can be used to calculated voltages without knowing the Currents or using Ohm’s Law. Provided below is the VDR: CONCLUSION There were several things that were covered in this lab such as key characteristics of circuits, finding the meaning of Kirchhoff’s voltage law, and putting Ohm’s law to the test while using Multisim and the breadboard. Series circuits have a few key characteristics, the main one being them sharing the same current because all resistances add to get a total, as well as attaining voltage drops and many other things. The Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is simply the sum of voltage rise equaling the sum of voltage drop. We have been studying Ohm’s Law in our previous labs and this week it was no different as we found answers to different things, such as voltage and current by using the breadboard or Multisim. CST 112 Laboratory 8 | P a g e Spring 2020

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