MABE 345 Lab Report Format

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The University of Tennessee, Knoxville *

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345

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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1 Lab Title and Number: Lab III: First Order Systems Date Performed: 9/25/2023 Lab Instructor’s name: Alex Haug Honor Statement: An essential feature of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, is a commitment to maintaining an atmosphere of intellectual integrity and academic honesty. As a student of the university, I pledge that I will neither knowingly give nor receive any inappropriate assistance in academic work, thus affirming my own personal commitment to honor and integrity. I understand that inappropriate assistance includes: • Using past lab data • Using lab data from another section (unless approved by your instructor) • Using the text from past lab reports • Using text from another student’s lab report Name: Connor Hamell _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Signature: _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Date 10/4/2023

2 ABSTRACT In this lab the group did 3 different experiments. It was reading the signal as it was passed through a high pass filter, a low pass filter, and a band pass filter (combination of High and Low pass). The signal was sent from a signal generator with an amplitude of five volts, a sampling frequency of 50,000 Hz, and a duration of 0.25 seconds. While sending this information through the filters the group would then take the high and the low points on the graphed wave and add them together to get the Amps out. The group did this for a variety of frequencies in to get an array of results for all three of the trials. Our Results for these experiments showed us how well the filters did at filtering the signals out and allowing for it to be read off that chart. I. I NTRODUCTION HIS Lab was aimed at understanding the filters that of the low pass and high pass filters while also using the band pass which is the combination of both filters. The signals were sent out by the signal generator and the results of the experiment was graphed on MATLAB using the oscillation featured code. We then took the results we got for the three different trials and computed the magnitude ration and frequency with the different readings that we got from our experiments. With this we looked and read through the power point and video why we ended up getting the results and why we were expecting them to be that way. A. Theory The theory behind this lab and why we are doing what we are doing for this can all really be simplified down to these reasons. When looking at a low pass filter the entire job of the filter is to filter out the lower frequencies that you are receiving from the source. In this case the lab group is filtering out the low frequencies from the signal generator. Now looking at the high pass filter it does the exact opposite as the low pass filter. The high pass filter filters out all of the high frequencies that are being sent into the graph from the signal generator. Now looking at the band pass filter it is very similar to both the high pass and the low pass filters as well as very dissimilar as it is a combination of both the high pass and low pass filters. The Band pass filter filters out the low end and the high end of the frequencies and then just leaves you with the frequencies in between the filters giving you just the information that you need or want in this case. [1] Figure 1 Testing set up B. Procedure In the picture above you can see what our experimental set up is looking like and what devices the group used to complete our experiments. When completing this experiment, it was done following the Lab Video and Lab PowerPoint. The first steps followed were using the computer and setting it up using the oscillatory function or code in MATLAB with this it allows the lab group to take the data from the experiment itself and graphically display that in a sinusoidal wave. When starting this experiment the lab group used the signal generator to produce the signal with varying frequencies and with the varying frequencies the reading on the output after the signal went through filter or lack thereof, then going into the DAQ (Data acquisition device) then taking the data received by the DAQ imputing that into the computer and having the code from MATLAB interpolate that and output us a graph of our results. We would then in turn complete this same trial for all three experiments for all of the necessary and desired frequencies that are asked for on the lab sheet. After completing all of the data acquisition for the lab the group would then take all of that data that was accumulated from it and use that data to solve for the data that is being asked of in the lab data sheet to further understand and complete the lab itself. While completing the lab trials the inputs that the lab group used were Amplitude 5V, Sampling frequency 50,000 Hz, and duration 0.25 seconds. The changes that were made in the observing of the trials was the frequencies which where, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, Connor Hamell, Student (MABE Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville) First Order Systems Lab 3 T

3 320, 640, 1280, and 2560 all in the Hz units. The only other changes made was the filter type used or not used in the actual experiment. [1] C. Data Reduction II. R ESULTS A ND D ISCUSSION Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 The tables above are the results that were obtained by the lab group while completing each of the different experiments. The first two are boxes are the information pertaining to each filter. The first filter is the first box as that is the low filter while the high filter is the second box as it shows the high filter tendencies and results when looking at it. The next table is the results of the low pass filter part of the experiment. In this part of the lab, it is done by running the signal generator though the filter into the DAQ then obtaining the information form these in the MATLAB file so to be able to understand the signals. This first table shows the results that are obtained from this part of the lab. The second chart shows the high pass filter being put to use doing all of the same things as the low filter experiment only difference in the two was the use of filter as the high filter experiment is going to be using the high filter. Then the third chard shown is the band pass filter as it is the results from the third experiment. The differences in this band pass filter table are the results are being used with the combination of all the filters that are previously used in the lab itself. [1] When looking at the questions proposed to the lab group when doing this lab. Looking at the question pertaining to how the different resistors affect the low pass filters you see how when looking at filters the resistors restrict the flow of the input voltage. This will give you a different result depending on each low pass filter this can give you slightly different results based on the resistor that is being looked at with the current low pass filter. The filter can then be changed in resultant with the output that comes from the reading. Looking at the next question that the lab group is looking to answer is what error is obtained comparing the measured and the expected cut off frequency. The difference that is obtained from this experiment is 47796% error from the expected to the cut off to the measured cut off that was determined by the lab group. The third question that was to be answered by the lab group was after solving for the resistor needed for the high pass filter you get the answer of 4.78964E-9. This resistor is extremely small so when looking for the lab group to find a potential resistor that would fit the needs of the high pass filter the lab group will have a difficult time finding a resistor that small. Now for the last question looking at the band pass filter

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4 and the magnitude ratio of being plotted. So, looking at this graph with all of the trials and filters together this is what is seen. The most obvious things seen as the difference between the three graphs is the distance between the peaks and how fast or slow that each peak rises and falls. This shows how each signal can filter out certain things better than others. When we took these graphs, the high filter filtered out everything for the selection we took photos for so that is why we do not have a figure for that one as it would be zero and have no graph. Other then that one we have the graphs from the other two trials of low pass and band pass. These are the results that the lab group got so while it is not ideal there is always going to be some human error that is associated with laboratory testing when humans are involved in the testing and even if there are no humans involved. If you don’t expect error to happen, you will get screwed results as error is almost impossible to completely eliminate from science in any aspect. [1] Looking at these upcoming graphs from the lab you get to see both the band pass and low pass filters in work. First is the low pass filter resultant graph. This shows the filtering of the lower signals and leaves us the signals that only pass though this low filter. This allows the group to see what they are wanting to see and allows them to fully look at what is needed to be looked at via this chart allowing to see voltage out as the result of the filter. Figure 2 Low Filter Graph Looking at this next graph the lab group provides the Band pass filter graph. This graph shows the result of both the low and high pass signals. This results in the band pass filter and showing us these as the results in graphically form. When looking at this graph is can been seen that the frequencies are much lower than the frequencies of the low filter filtering out the signals as this uses both filters to feed though the signal. This is what is to be expected from the band filter as it has the most filters being used so it won’t get as many signals though as just the single filters do but it has the combination of all the filters that are previously used in the lab itself. [1] Figure 3 Band Pass Graph C ONCLUSION In conclusion of this lab, it is seen by the lab group that as to this being what happened thought it and what could be seen from the lab group as potentially new things to be looked at as future possibilities and real world examples. In the lab looking at how the filters changed what output voltages where it can then been seen that in this lab how these filters react and act with each other in this case as being consistent and with that allowing for this consistence to help with observations and learning more from the world with the implementation of these filters to the aid of future experiments. Now looking at what potential new experiments could be accomplished on this topic or with this new knowledge would be fast but to name a few of the more interesting and implemental you can see these as them. This could be used very efficiently and effectively in the monitoring the movement of athletes during games with the frequency of breaths steps strides and every other possible measurable that could be desired by the athletes or teams to learn more to further help the teams win. This would be helpful having a filter because it allows you to filter out the small bumps or nudges that can occur during athletic competition to all the way of blocking out the extreme other side of the spectrum with monster hits that could be on the other side of disturbance. With these possible needs of filtering out the extremes sports allows for these extremes to be seen quickly and effectively on the basis of collecting data only you want to have collected and then filtering out the non- sense. R EFERENCES [1] T. Knoxville, “First Order Systems Procedure,” Canvas. [Online]. Available: https://utk.instructure.com/courses/162503/files/folde r/Lab%20Files/Lab%20Sections/BME%20345%20Sect ion%20003%2/Lab%201. [Accessed: 04-Oct-2023] .

5 AppendixA:

6 Appendix B

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