306L1

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Purdue University *

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306

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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EXPERIMENT 1: Analog Operations 4.1.1 Rf = 22000 Ri = 1000 4.1.2 4.1.3 Compare the input and output signals shown in Screen Capture 4.1.2. The output is inverted output. 4.1.4 Measure the experimental gain Vo / Vi of your inverting amplifier. Discuss the difference between the theoretical and experimental gain. The gain is 1.97/0.117 = 16.837 < 22

4.1.5 4.1.6 Compare and comment on the input and output signals shown in Screen Capture 4.1.5. The output has higher peak to peak value and the system have gain = 20.975, may be due to the saturation. 4.1.7 Discuss the difference in the output signal seen in Screen Capture 4.1.2 and Screen Capture 4.1.5. Why are the output signals different? The output is different is because the input amplitude is 2 times 0.2cos(2π1000t) as the first experiment 0.1cos(2π1000t). 4.1.8 What is meant by “op-amp saturation”? Op-amp saturation occurs when the amplifier output stops increasing even as the input increases. 4.1.9 What determines the saturation voltage? An op-amp's voltage cannot exceed that of the power supply. The output at saturation does not reach the full input voltage due to minor internal voltage drops in the op amp output circuit. 4.1.10 How can one determine whether a given input signal will cause saturation without testing it experimentally? The amplitude and gain of the input signal can be used to determine whether saturation will occur. If the output signal exceeds the range of the supplied power voltage for the given input signal and gain, saturation will occur.

4.2.1 What bandwidth do you expect for your amplifier with a gain of -22? (Hint: convert 22 to decibels, and refer to Figure 24 of the datasheet) 20 log 22 = 26.8485 in LF357 between 100k and 1M(Hz). 4.2.2 Create a log-log frequency vs gain plot using Excel, MATLAB, or similar. Include a curve to indicate ideal performance. F/gain 10 Hz = 24.3062 100 Hz = 22.5837 1k Hz = 22.5359 10k Hz = 22.2966 100K Hz = 20.622 1M Hz = 6.8421 4.2.3 Measure and report A, the low frequency gain, and fC, the cutoff frequency from your plot. 0.707 * 22 = 15.554 A = 100k(Hz) From observing the oscilloscope, I found that when gain = 15.554, the frequency roughly = 27.9kHz. fc = 27.9kHz 4.2.4 Compute the gain-bandwidth product: A * fC A * fc = 100k * 2.79k = 279M

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4.3.1 4.3.2 output of the inverting comparator The inverting comparator's output is then fed into an inverting amplifier, which transforms the square wave into the original. The output was around 2.05V, which is close to the input square wave. The resistor values found during prelab did not result in the correct voltage, so a 10K potentiometer was used to obtain the correct voltage.

4.3.3 Include a screen capture of the input signal x(t) along side the recovered square wave and a screen capture of x(t) along side the recovered cosine wave. output of the inverting amplifier The sine wave is obtained using a summing amplifier. To generate the cosine wave, the output from the inverting comparator was added to the original output. The output of the inverting comparator is an inverted square wave. That cancels the square wave, leaving us with only the cosine wave. The output was not a perfect cosine wave due to the resistors used before combining the two signals.

output of the summing amplifier 4.3.4 Embedded Question: Discuss the plots included in Screen Capture 4.3.2 and Screen Capture 4.3.3 and explain why they may have differed from your plots made in the prelab. The figure in 4.3.2 depicts the result of applying a comparator to x(t). It shows a large inverted square wave. The first figure in 4.3.3 depicts the recovered square wave after adjusting the magnitude to Vpp = 4.1156V with a potentiometer. However, it was inverted because I forgot to apply an inverter to it, which differs from the result I obtained in prelab. The second figure in 4.3.3 depicts the recovered cosine wave after applying an adder to x(t) and the inverted square wave. The cosine wave achieved the desired Vpp of 2.09V. 5.1 Discuss the differences between an ideal op-amp and a real op-amp. An ideal operational amplifier (op-amp) is a theoretical electronic component that has infinite open-loop gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite bandwidth, and complete rejection of common-mode signals. However, real op-amps that are used in practical applications deviate from these ideal characteristics. They have finite gain, high but not infinite input impedance, non-zero output impedance, limited bandwidth, and a small but significant common-mode rejection ratio. Furthermore, real op-amps have small offset voltages, input bias currents, and a finite slew rate, which introduces practical limitations and considerations for engineers and designers when using them in circuits. 5.2 Derive the relationship between the output and input signals for each circuit used in 4.3. The comparator and potentiometer do not have a direct Vout/Vin relationship. The summing amplifier has a relationship as follow.

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