ENGR65_Lab8

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University of California Merced School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering ENGR 065 Circuit Theory Lab 7:Circuit simulator Authors (Luis Carrillo, Faith Blue) Instructor Ricardo Pinto de Castro TA Derek Hollenbeck Section Friday 9:00am – 11:50am Date 11/4/2022 Fall 2022
1 1. Introduction The purpose of this lab was to solidify the software SPICE in order to construct circuits using different amplifiers configuration. This lab helped us to understand the voltage difference with each configuration using the amplifier. We were tasked to calculate the theoretical value of the different voltages and using SPICE we were able to measure them and compare the values. Solidifying our understanding of the circuit and what each element does within the circuit. This lab also helped us understand how the different components affect the behavior of the OpAmp circuits. 2. Methods & Procedures We were first tasked to construct a circuit using SPICE from the previous lab. The first circuit was an inverting amplifier circuit. After constructing the circuit with the appropriate values, we were tasked to manipulate Rf, the feedback resistance. We changed the resistance from .1k ohms, .5kohms, 1k ohms, 4k ohms, 6kohms, 8kohms, and 10kohms. We measured the values from the probes Vs, Vn, and Vo. We compared Vs and Vo to measure the gain. We finally compared the theoretical value and the measured value. To conclude part A, we were tasked to calculate the theoretical current and measure the circuit from the circuit. We were then tasked to build a variation of the previous circuit but as a noninverting amplifier circuit. We then calculated the Vg, Vn, and Vo and measured them using different resistance of the feedback resistor like the previous circuit. We compared Vo and Vg to measure gain in voltage. Finally, we were tasked to construct another variation of the circuit, a difference-amplifier circuit. Recording the Vn, Vp, and Vo using different voltages for Va and Vb. We finally compared the two voltages with Vo to calculate the gain. 3. Results & Discussion
2 Part A. The Inverting Amplifier The first objective of this assignment is to simulate the behavior of the following inverting amplifier circuit: Variables: ࠵? ࠵? = 2࠵? is the input voltage source ࠵? ࠵? = voltage of the inverting terminal ࠵? ࠵? = output voltage ࠵? ࠵?࠵? =12V is the positive voltage supply ࠵? ࠵?࠵? is the negative voltage supply ࠵? ࠵? = 1࠵?Ω is a resistance connected to ࠵? ࠵? ࠵? ࠵? = 1࠵?Ω is the “feedback” resistance If the OpAmp is ideal, then the output voltage is ࠵? ࠵? =− ࠵? ࠵? ࠵?࠵? / ࠵? ࠵? = ࠵?࠵? ࠵? , where ࠵? =− ࠵? ࠵? / ࠵?࠵? is the closed-loop gain of the circuit.
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3 2. You will now investigate the behavior of the circuit when ࠵? ࠵? is varied from 0.1k Ω to 10 ࠵? Ω. Fill up the following table for different values of ࠵? ࠵? . ࠵? ࠵? (kΩ) 0.1 0.5 1 4 6 8 10 Theoretical ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 2V 2V 2V 2V 2V 2V 2V values ࠵? ࠵? (V) 11.85V 9.21V 7.65V 4.66V 3.987 V 3.57V 3.14V (ideal ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 11.98V 11.98V 11.97 V 11.92 V 11.98 V 11.95 V 11.95V OpAmp ࠵? ࠵? / ࠵? ࠵? (gain) 9.98V 9.98V 9.97V 9.92V 9.98V 9.95V 9.95V assumptio n) Simulated ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 2V 2V 2V 2V 2V 2V 2V values ࠵? ࠵? (V) 10.952 V 8.58V 6.94V 3.98V 3.417 V 3.1V 2.9V (from ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 11.84V 11.87V 11.88 V 11.92 V 11.92 V 11.92 V 11.92V SPICE) ࠵? ࠵? / ࠵? ࠵? (gain) 9.84V 9.87V 9.88V 9.92V 9.92V 9.92V 9.92V What do you observe? Are the ideal OpAmp assumptions reasonable?
4 Looking at Table 1 we can see the value of the output response and source input change as the resistance increases. We can assume the simulation is reasonable since the input and output values are equivalent. Calculate the currents ࠵? ࠵? ࠵?࠵?࠵? ࠵? ࠵? based on the voltages in the table above and fill up the table below. Double check the reference direction of the current probes (especially for ࠵? ࠵? ). ࠵? ࠵? (k Ω) 0.1 0.5 1 4 6 8 10 Theoretical values (ideal OpAmp assumption) ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵?࠵? ) - 9.12m A - 6.89mA - 5.13m A - 2.14m A - 1.78m A - 1.35m A -1.12mA ࠵? ࠵? (mA ) - 9.121m A - 6.91mA - 5.13m A - 2.14m A - 1.782 mA - 1.35m A - 1.121m A Simulated Values (from SPICE) ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵?࠵? ) - 8.95m A - 6.58mA - 4.94m A - 1.98m A - 1.41m A - 1.1mA -.902mA ࠵? ࠵? (mA ) - 8.95m A - 6.58mA - 4.944m A - 1.98m A - 1.41m A - 1.11m A -.902mA What do you find from the data in the table above? By comparing the data from the theoretical and simulated circuits the difference is relatively small. 4. Bonus question 1 • Replace the DC voltage source ( ࠵? ࠵? ) with a sinusoidal voltage source, 2V peak value and 1 ࠵?࠵?࠵? frequency. The sinusoidal voltage source can be found under “Sources\ AC Voltage” (see Figure below) • Plot the input ( ࠵? ࠵? ) and output voltages ( ࠵? ࠵? ) of the modified circuit for ࠵? ࠵? =4 ࠵? Ω and ࠵? ࠵? = 10 ࠵? Ω. What can you conclude from these plots? Rf: 4kohms
5 Rf: 10kohms Part B. The Noninverting Amplifier
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6 The second objective of this assignment is to simulate the behavior of the following noninverting amplifier circuit: Variables and Values ࠵? ࠵? = 2࠵? is the input voltage source ࠵? ࠵? = voltage of the inverting terminal ࠵? ࠵? is the output voltage ࠵? ࠵?࠵? =12V is the positive voltage supply ࠵? ࠵?࠵? is the negative voltage supply ࠵? ࠵? = 1࠵?Ω is the “feedback” resistance ࠵? ࠵? = 1࠵?Ω 1. Create the above noninverter amplifier circuit in the online SPICE tool. Include voltage probes for the input voltage ( ࠵? ࠵? ), voltage of the inverting terminal ( ࠵? ࠵? ) and output voltage ( ࠵? ࠵? ). The values of ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵?࠵? , ࠵? ࠵? are defined in the section “variables and values” (see right part of the above figure) 2. Investigate the behavior of the circuit when ࠵? ࠵? is varied from 0.1kΩ to 10 ࠵? Ω. Fill up the following table for different values of ࠵? ࠵? .
7 ࠵? ࠵? (kΩ) 0.1 0.5 1 4 6 8 10 Theoretical ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 10.89V 7.25V 5.74V 1.88V 1.15V .73V .488V values ࠵? ࠵? (V) 10.98V 8.21V 5.97V 2.397 V 1.712 V 1.326 V 1.1V (ideal ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 11.87V 11.89V 11.92 V 11.92 5V 11.92 7V 11.92 9 11.3V OpAmp ࠵? ࠵? / ࠵? ࠵? (gain) .98V 4.64V 6.18V 10.04 5V 10.77 V 11.19 9V 10.81V assumptio n) Simulated ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 10.15V 7.03V 5.33V 1.78V 1.10V .724V .484V values ࠵? ࠵? (V) 10.76V 7.9V 5.93V 2.382 V 1.702 V 1.324 V 1.08V (from ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 11.83V 11.85V 11.87 V 11.91 V 11.92 V 11.92 4V 11.927 V SPICE) ࠵? ࠵? / ࠵? ࠵? (gain) 1.68V 4.82V 6.54V 10.13 V 10.82 V 11.2V 11.443 V What do you observe? Explain them by using what you learned in class. We can observe voltage gain is proportional to the voltage input to Rf and R2. Part C. The Difference Amplifier
8 The third objective of this assignment is to simulate the behavior of the following difference-amplifier circuit: Variables and Values ࠵? ࠵? = 1࠵?, ࠵? ࠵? = 0.5࠵? are the (default) input voltage sources ࠵? ࠵? is the output voltage ࠵? ࠵? = voltage of the inverting terminal ࠵? ࠵? = voltage of the non- inverting terminal ࠵? ࠵?࠵? =12V is the positive voltage supply ࠵? ࠵?࠵? is the negative voltage supply ࠵? ࠵? = ࠵? ࠵? = ࠵? ࠵? = ࠵? ࠵? = 1࠵?Ω 1. Create the above amplifier circuit in the online SPICE tool. Include voltage probes for the inverting terminal voltage ( ࠵? ࠵? ), noninverting terminal voltage ( ࠵? ࠵? ) and output voltage ( ࠵? ࠵? ). The values of ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵? , ࠵? ࠵?࠵? , are defined in the section “variables and Values” (see right part of the above figure) 2. Investigate the behavior of the circuit when ࠵? ࠵? and ࠵? ࠵? are varied. Fill up the following table.
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9 ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) -0.5 0 0.5 1 5 15 Theoretical ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 6.19V 6.19V 6.19V 6.19V 6.2V 6.35V values ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) -.246V 413.1mi croV .255V .510V 2.5V 7.512V (ideal ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 11.9V 11.9V 11.9V 11.9V 11.9V 12.01V OpAmp assumption ) ࠵? ࠵? (Gain) ࠵? ࠵? ࠵? ࠵? -11.9V -23.8V 23.8V 2.644V .82V Simulated ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 6.189V 6.189V 6.189V 6.189V 6.19V 6.252V values ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) -.249V 419.2 microV .250V .500V 2.5V 7.499V (from ࠵? ࠵? ( ࠵? ) 11.88V 11.88V 11.88V 11.88V 11.88V 12V SPICE) -11.88V -23.76V 23.76V 2.64V .819V ࠵? ࠵? (Gain) ࠵? ࠵? ࠵? ࠵? What do you find from the simulation results? We can observe the output voltage is equal to the two sources inputs added together. 4. Conclusion and Recommendations
10 In this lab we continue working with SPICE by simulating three different amplifier circuits. Including an inverting amplifier, a non-inverting amplifier, and a difference amplifier. Using the software we observed how changing the value of resistance effected current and voltage of the simulated OpAmp circuits. In conclusion, we were able to confirm the behavior of ideal OpAmps using circuit simulations. Resources 1. Administrator. (2021, October 5). Inverting operational amplifiers working and applications . Electronics Hub. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from https://www.electronicshub.org/inverting-operational- amplifiers/#Inverting_Amplifier_Voltage_Characteristics%E2%80%8B 2. Teja, R. (2021, October 5). Non inverting operational amplifiers working and applications . Electronics Hub. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from https://www.electronicshub.org/non-inverting-operational-amplifiers/ 3. Teja, R. (2021, October 5). Operational amplifier as Differentiator Circuit applications . Electronics Hub. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from https://www.electronicshub.org/operational-amplifier-as-differentiator/