INTLSTD101_Midterm_Study_Guide

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INTLSTD 101 – MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE According to McCormick, what are the four important qualities of global studies? Name and explain them (4 points). - It is transnational: concerned with events, ideas, activities, and phenomena that are not limited to state boundaries - It is integral: concerned more with what unites us than what divides us, and with the way decisions are shaped and implemented at the global level - It is inclusive: it does not see the world from the perspective of any one group of people, but works to engage with the multiple perspectives of the entire human race - It is interdisciplinary: looks at the world from multiple perspectives, including those of history, geography, and sociology. Name and explain any four facts about the world as 100 people that McCormick mentions in the textbook (4 points).  The community is aging ; due to the improvements in technology and healthcare, community members live longer  There is an even split between men and women; Nature will make sure there is a balance  Unequal access to education; tied to higher wealth and better opportunities  Few members of the community eat well; the community has plenty of food, but poorer members have less access to supplies Define what “Worldcentrism” is. Define what its three component parts are with an example for each part (7 points). A non-Eurocentric explanation of how the modern world came to be that accounts for how the west was conditioned and constrained by global forces - Contingencies: when something is dependent on other events (opposite of inevitable) o Ottoman empire contingency (to cause Iberian imperialism): The Ottoman empire cut off Europe from trade to Indian Ocean due to their impressive tech and military. This forced Europeans to find alternative routes -> leading to Iberian imperialism in Africa/Asia - Accidents: unpredictable events beyond human control o Great Dying accident: when Europeans arrived in South America, due to their differing immune systems, the diseases they brought back killed 90% of population - Conjuncture: when local developments come together to form a historical moment – contingencies + accidents = conjuncture  Iberian imperialism: Iberian imperialism: It occurred due to conjunctures like the Ottoman empire as well as accidents such as the Great dying to allow the west to expand to Asia

Name and explain what the three metrics used to determine whether a country is core, periphery, or semi-periphery are (6 points). - GDP per capita: the measure of the size of a country’s economy according to the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year, divided by population – correlated with education, health care, infrastructure - Billionaire scale: the number of billionaires in a country and their overall % of world billionaire wealth – increase in % of wealth correlated with higher chance to be a core country - Corporations: The distribution of corporations- the more corporations that are located in a country, the more likely it is to be a core country. What is the technical division of labor? How is it different from the social division of labor? Give an example for each kind of division of labor (4 points). - Technical division of labor: the division of the labor process of a given commodity into specialized subtasks: o When making a car, each person has a specialized role - Social division of labor: when a commodity is made entirely by one person o Shoemaker Name and explain any four of the nine of the global trends that McCormick argues helped define the new global system (4 points). - Economics: relative decline of the North, and the emergence of the South against a background of expanding global markets - Politics: changes in the balance of power, and questions about the future of democracy - Culture: the globalization of culture, which may be leading to homogenization or hybridization - Technology: rapid changes in the wake of digital revolution with implications for society, business, and communication Define what “foreign direct investment” is. Define the two different kinds of foreign direct investment and give an example for each one (5 points). - An investment with controlling ownership by a corporation based in one country into a business based in another o Brownfield FDI: investing to take over/ take control (existing)  Eg. Facebook investing $5.7 B in Jio – India’s biggest telecommunications business – able to use user data to benefit themselves/ get ahead of Chinese companies o Greenfield FDI: involves a company building and expanding in another country (new)  Eg. Tesla building factory in Shanghai

Define the two main strategies multinational corporations use to maximise their profits at the expense of the host country and give an example for each one (4 points). - Corporate veil of distance: when a manager and/or the shareholders cannot be legally held accountable for the wrongdoings of their corporation’s operations in another country o Bhopal’s chemical plant explosion – US never held accountable - Tax avoidance: the usage of the global tax regime to legally reduce the amount of taxes a multinational corporation owes o Starbucks – all profits made in UK “moved” to USA so they don’t have to pay taxes in UK Define neoliberalism. Name and define neoliberalism’s two main strategies and give an example for each strategy (5 points). - A political project aimed at redistributing wealth to the richest class of the population via privatization and deregulation - Privatization: the transfer of assets from public ownership to private ownership o Parking services in Chicago made private – they now have a monopoly making them able to raise prices - Deregulation: the removal of government rules controlling how the market operates o Deregulation caused a decrease in safety regulations for deep sea oil drills inspection agents. This caused the 2010 oil spill where 200M gallon of oil spilt into the ocean as there were less inspections on boats. What are three ways that the IMF’s structural adjustment impacted West Africa’s health systems? Name and explain the three ways and provide an example of each way (6 points).’ - Limits on government expenditure on healthcare o Cape Verde: 48% decrease in doctors – decreases healthcare quality - Healthcare wage/ personnel caps o Ghana: 50% decrease in doctors – led to medical brain drain with decrease in wages - Decentralization of healthcare o Guinea: deterioration of local health quality as there was a decrease in their budget/funding – harder to manager/coordinate with other hospitals What is the IMF quota system? Define it and explain its two component parts. Provide an example for each part. (5 points) - A subscription amount to the IMF that is based on the size of a member country’s economy that also determines their voting power o Size of country – USA pays $177B and Vanuatu pays $23M o Country’s voting power – US dominates decision making, most countries go along with US

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In global trade, what are the three types of goods? Define them and give an example for each type (6 points). - Raw materials: natural goods traded to produce other goods and services o Lithium used to make iPhone - Capital goods: human-made goods traded to produce other goods/services o Conveyer belt machine used to make cars - Consumer goods: human made, or natural goods traded for consumer to buy o iPhone Name and define three different forms of trade protectionism. Give an example of each form (6 points). - Tariffs: tax on imports that make it more expensive for consumers o 2018 US tariff on aluminium/steel - Quotas: limits imposed on the number of goods that can be imported into a country during a given period of time o Quotas to protect US dairy market - only 2.49% of cheese can be imported in USA - Subsidies: government financial aid designed to help corporations produce goods/services o US corn is heavily subsidized Name, explain, and give an example of the three major changes McCormick claims have changed the global trading system (6 points). - Rise of regional trading blocs – groups of countries are uniting their interests by negotiating with other entities o EU - Rise in China as a global trading powerhouse – China has grown economically to where it now accounts for more than 15% of world trade o Ex. China is now a major exporter rather than an importer - Rise of multinational corporations and changes in technology - MNCs have transcended borders and have enormous revenue which has not been as possible at any other time in history because of technology o Ford – taking advance of new tech to make their supply chain more efficient and sell to foreign markets

Name, define, and give an example of any three of the four degrees of trade cooperation that McCormick mentions define the current global trade regime (6 points). - Free trade agreement – reduces or removes mutual barriers to trade among participating countries  South Asian Free Trade Area - an agreement between most south asian countries to provide free trade to increase economic cooperation and integration - Economic Union – a single market among participating countries, with free movement of people, capital, goods, and services, and a common external trade policy  EU - people in EU can move freely without a visa and there are common trade regulations, making it more efficient and cheaper - Monetary union – a single currency among participating countries, and a joint policy on controlling money supply and interest rat4es o Eurozone – same currency What are the two main trade principles of GATT? Name them, define them, and provide an example for each principle (4 points). - Most favored nation policy: members must treat all other members equally (what you do to one country, you must do to all) o US offers Canada a tariff rate of $1 USD on imported Canadian maple syrup, US must offer all member countries a tariff rate of $1 on all imported maple syrup. - National Treatment Policy: members must treat their domestic goods the same as imported goods (what you do to domestic goods, you must do to imported goods) o US lowers domestic tax in US cigarettes to 2%, US must lower tax on all imported cigarettes to 2% as well Name and explain the five main steps of the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body (5 points). - Appellate Body: panel made of 7 people who serve four-year terms and are appointed by the consensus of all current WTO members - Appellate Body Report: write-up of the trade dispute that includes recommendations for resolution - Reverse Consensus: recommendations area adopted unless consensus of all WTO member countries is against adoption of the recommendations - Reasonable Period of Time: country that loses the trade dispute is given a time period to adjust their trade policies and bring them in line with the WTO - Retaliation: if the losing country does not change its trade policies, it can be subject to financial penalty, trade restrictions, or membership revocation (the latter has never happened)

Name and define one labor responsibility and one capital responsibility of the capitalist state. Provide an example for each responsibility (4 points). - Labor responsibility – labor regulation: the implementation of labor rules and restrictions to regulate what kind of workers and how many exist in the labor market o Immigration laws – change based on what capitalist system needs - General conditions of production – the establishment and maintenance of domestic infrastructure that sectoral or individual capital needs but won’t itself provide o Lighthouses -> not profitable but necessary (run by US coast guard) for capital Define what the “balance of power” is. Name and define the two main ways balance of power is attempted by capitalist states. Give an example for each way (5 points). - Process by which a state or coalition increase their capabilities to prevent the dominance of an opposing state/group of states o External balancing: coalition of states formed for mutual protection to offset an imbalance in the capitalist-states system  Shanghai Cooperation Organization – founded after 9/11 (Russia, China, India etc...) o Internal balancing: the building up of a state’s military capabilities to threaten or use significant force to offset an imbalance in the capitalist state-system  Arms race between USA and USSR during Cold War – Mutually assured destruction Define what “polarity” is. Name, define, and give an example of any two of the three types of polarity in the capitalist states-system (5 points). - Polarity: The existence within the capitalist states-system of one or more significant states, or “poles”, which affect the behavior of other states and shape the contours of the system itself o Unipolarity: distribution of power in the capitalist-states system in which one state has a preponderance of power and imposes its will on all other states  EU wanted strong autonomous military power, but after Ukraine, they decreased investment and let US overpower militarily o Bipolarity: a distribution of power in the capitalist states-system in which 2 states have preponderance of power and involves fixed alliances  Cold War – NATO and Warsaw Pact Define what banal nationalism is. Name and define the two main types of banal nationalism and give an example for each type (5 points). - Banal Nationalism: the ordinary representations and practices of the nation that reproduces the idea of belonging and unity of a people to a nation o Remembering and forgetting: a type of flagging that involves forgetting a nation’s history of hot nationalism that is “remembered” only as an enduring patriotism throughout national history

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 Pledge of allegiance mandatory in schools – forgets anti-immigration sentiment/ celebration of Columbus (indigenous genocide) built into it o Inside and outside: a type of flagging that involves the naturalization of national borders and peoples via patriotism that were historically constructed by hot nationalism  National stereotyping – shared cultural descriptions of foreign national groups that allow us to claim our own national uniqueness as natural and in need of defense  China spy balloon – we make it seem as though we are different, but US spies on people everywhere and have an extensive spy network in China Define what orientalism is. Name, define, and give an example of any two of the four features of orientalism as it applies to yoga in America (5 points). - A colonial system of representation establishing a cultural binary that positions the west as “superior” and the East as its “inferior opposite” - One feature: “authenticity” – the east is static, not changing, and has an exhaustive history o Kino MacGregor is a popular online yoga instructor. She writes about the relationship between globalization and yoga, describing India as “pre-modern”. However, this is false as India is one of the biggest economies in the world and is developed – shows orientalism. - Next feature: “inscrutability” – idea that the East cannot be penetrated by us as it is too mysterious. Actually, it is the west that is unable to comprehend rather than a mysteriousness. o Language used such as “namaste” when talking about yoga. Although it means “greetings to you”, the west uses it in many other ways. They make up a lot of definitions such as “all of us are one” or “divine light in me finds the divine light in you” to seem exotic. The impreciseness shows how the west is unable/unwilling to understand the east’s real history and uses it to their advantage.

INTLSTD101_Midterm_Study_Guide

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