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Microgrids: Revolutionizing Future Energy Production and Consumption through Decentralized Power Systems ECO314 Paper Zi Liang Yan 1006887415 December 4 th , 2023

Abstract In an energy-driven world, reliability and sustainability have become the new requirements for innovative energy infrastructures. Microgrids stand out as a creative and reliable method that incentivizes cities and countries to shift from relying on non-renewable resources to sustainable ones. This new infrastructure suggests moving from centralized energy production and consumption to localized energy solutions. Not only do Microgrids offer a more sustainable, reliable and localized energy production and consumption model. Through implementation, they will decrease carbon footprints, generate new job opportunities, energy cost savings, investment opportunities, and create energy independence and security. Through research, multiple studies found that localized microgrids are especially effective in third-world countries. For example, in Kenya, a direct current microgrid utilizing solar energy aided 10,000 Kenyan tea growers in bringing their products into the market. Introduction The need for sustainable and reliable energy solutions has been more crucial than ever in our rapidly evolving world. As we battle the challenges of climate change, resource shortages and a surplus of energy demands, the need to innovate our energy infrastructures has become a vital and immediate concern. Microgrids, a promising solution, offer a pathway to reshape the energy landscape. Unlike centralized energy infrastructures, Microgrids introduces a decentralized approach. This method offers a more sustainable, reliable, localized energy production and consumption model. Through implementation, they will decrease carbon

footprints, generate new job opportunities, energy cost savings, investment opportunities, and create energy independence and security. Literature Review Possibilities, Challenges, and Future Opportunities of Microgrids: A Review Published by Sulman Shahzad et al., the literature is split into 4 main sections, the first sections provides a generalized summary of the infrastructure, potential growth and benefits of Microgrids; the second section lists the challenges microgrid faces during the implementation process; third section goes into detail regarding the technological aspects of Microgrids; and the last section provides a case study done on the Microgrids in Pakistan. In the first section, a complex structure of the Microgrid is shown, the image provides a comprehensive insight into what a fully operational Microgrid should look like. Starting from the top left, we can see its energy sources, which includes renewable sources such as solar panels and wind turbines. Below that we would be able to see non-renewable resources such as diesel generators and microturbines. We can also see storage systems including fuel cells and batteries. On top of storage devices we are able to spot the central controller which is the brain of the Microgrid, it receives information regarding the status of the grid itself, energy prices from the market and whether forecasts that

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could influence renewable energy productions. The right side of the diagram provides the loads (consumers), depicted as a smart city, industry, smart homes and electric vehicles. The smart meter is used to monitor and manage energy usage and distribution throughout all loads. In the legend we are able to see three variables, local controllers (LC), communication lines and power lines. The central controller would feed information through the communication lines to the LC’s allowing coordination and control of energy resources distribution. The power lines are all interconnected however, it is also connected to the point of common coupling (PCC) which is the connection between the microgrid to the main traditional grid that allows the microgrid to operate connected to the main grid or independently. Within the same section, benefits and future growth. A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management Strategy of Microgrids Published by Rona George Allwyn et al., this literature provides an extensive review regarding the beneficial factors microgrids provides in terms of energy management strategies. It puts an emphasis on critical issues such as climate change and fossil fuel depletion. The paper by Rona George Allwyn, Amer Al-Hinai, and Vijaya Margaret provides an extensive review of energy management strategies in microgrids. It emphasizes the significance of renewable energy sources in tackling critical issues like climate change and fossil fuel depletion. Microgrids, as described in the paper, are complex systems comprising renewable and non-renewable energy sources, storage devices, and various control and electrical components. The authors explore various aspects of energy management in hybrid microgrids, including different system configurations, techniques, forecasting methods, and control strategies. They also discuss the financial implications of these strategies and the impact of energy tariffs.

A notable contribution of this paper is the introduction of reformer- based fuel cells, a novel technology that generates hydrogen on demand, thereby reducing the need for hydrogen storage and lowering carbon emissions. This is highlighted as a significant advancement in the field. The paper also critically examines the gaps in current research and literature, identifying areas that require further investigation. This makes the paper a valuable resource for researchers specializing in energy management, as it not only reviews existing knowledge but also points out limitations and potential avenues for future research. The authors have meticulously categorized the papers they reviewed based on various aspects such as grid configuration, control strategies, and specific limitations or overlooked factors in each study. Additionally, they have identified and presented literature gaps related to each categorized group, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future needs in the field of energy management for microgrids. What is a Microgrid? a. Localized power grids that deviate from main power grid 2. Why it is more sustainable and reliable a. Energy independence and security b. Decreasing carbon footprints 3. New job and investment opportunities a. Decrease unemployment rates b. Creates new investment opportunities

4. Energy cost savings a. Especially in third world countries, microgrids makes energy more affordable 5. Case studies and proof a. Use of microgrids in Kenya, China, USA and Pakistan .etc. 6. Conclusion a. Renewable and reliable energy, energy independence and security, new job and investment opportunities, energy cost savings and decreasing carbon footprints Key References Allwyn, R. G., Al-Hinai, A., & Margaret, V. (2023). A comprehensive review on energy management strategy of microgrids. Energy Reports , 9 , 5565–5591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.04.360 Qiu, H., & You, F. (2020). Decentralized-distributed robust electric power scheduling for multi- microgrid systems. Applied Energy, 269, 115146-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115146 Shahzad, S., Abbasi, M. A., Ali, H., Iqbal, M., Munir, R., & Kilic, H. (2023). Possibilities, Challenges, and Future Opportunities of Microgrids: A Review. Sustainability, 15(8), 6366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086366 7. What is a Microgrid a. Localized power grids that deviate from main power grid 8. Why it is more sustainable and reliable a. Energy independence and security

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b. Decreasing carbon footprints 9. New job and investment opportunities a. Decrease unemployment rates b. Creates new investment opportunities 10. Energy cost savings a. Especially in third world countries, microgrids makes energy more affordable 11. Case studies and proof a. Use of microgrids in Kenya, China, USA and Pakistan .etc. 12. Conclusion a. Renewable and reliable energy, energy independence and security, new job and investment opportunities, energy cost savings and decreasing carbon footprints

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