IT 505 Evolution Network Protocols

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Evolution of Network Protocols Emme Chadwick Southern New Hampshire University IT 505: Introduction to Core Technologies Dr. Robert Pratt 2 October 2023

1 Evolution of Network Protocols The evolution of technology in general is by far one of the most incredible feats that humanity has developed over time. As society progresses, so does technology and the ever- progressing network protocols, the internet, and programming itself is a testament to that. The start of interconnectivity between devices began with Vincent Cerf and Bob Kahn, two researchers working under a Department of Defense funded project that was also supported by the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (NDTV., 2013). Their goal was to ensure that computers could communicate with one another and develop a type of file transfer system now known as “packets.” The network program known as ARPANET was released in 1983 for government use which allowed computers to communicate with one another over a series of networks. These two researchers along with several others are considered pioneers in what we know as the internet today. When observing the official start of the internet, it can be difficult to discern who was the founder and how it started. Many would argue that the internet wasn’t in its full form until it became developed for the general public, while others could say that Timothy Berners-Lee was the first developer. Tim Berners-Lee was the first to create the World Wide Web but the public and fellow researchers didn’t take notice until the first graphical browser was created called Mosaic. This program was founded by researchers at The National Center for Supercomputer Applications around 1992. By implementing multimedia inline with text, it started to immensely popularize the World Wide Web and took off from there ( NCSA Mosaic™ - NCSA , n.d.). After its release, Netscape Communications hired the founders of Mosaic (Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina) to create a commercialized version. This was then released a few years after the launch of

2 Mosaic which furthered the progression of the World Wide Web and the interconnectivity of computers in general. Both Vincent Cerf and Bob Kahn wanted to develop a program that was able to connect two computers together, locally, and pass files between them. This was largely possible by the creation of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol). These were known as the first renditions of basic communication between hosts. TCP and IP work based on a system called OSI (Open Systems Interconnection). OSI is the standard for communication protocols and although it’s not mandatory to use, it’s an unwritten rule that these outlined procedures are to be followed. Though similar in nature, OSI and TCP/IP operate very differently from one another. OSI has seven different layers that files transfer through in order to communicate between hosts. These seven layers start with physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each of them provides a unique function. For example, layer 5, the session layer, “Handles authentication and authorization functions..." and layer 6, the presentation layer “checks the data to ensure that it is compatible with communications resources.” (Frenzel, 2013, par 6). On the other hand, TCP/IP uses four layers; Network access (typically seen as an Ethernet connection), IP, TCP (host-to-host), and Applications. This could also be described as TCP/IP ‘packaging’ up the information the host would like to send and transmitting it to the receiving host (Jain, 2023, par 1). The receiving and sending of data and information has been able to be adjusted to provide use in many different ways. In today’s modern generation it seems as if technology and the internet are rapidly expanding and growing every day. The technological advancements that are arguably the most

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3 notable are smartphones, social media, an increase in programming languages, online video games, and cloud-based services. Though many of these progressions in technology were only an idea conceived not only 15 years ago, many of the same basic principles are applied and used in their development. Network protocols such as FTP and HTTP are used everyday to pass information from one host to another and local/wide access networks are constantly being developed for further use. These expansions within technology and the internet are evolving, but fall back on the same design principles first implemented by Bob Kahn and Vincent Cerf.

4 References Frenzel, L. (2013, October 2). What's The Difference Between The OSI Seven-Layer Network Model And TCP/IP? Electronic Design. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21800810/ electronic-design-whats-the-difference-between-the-osi-sevenlayer-network-model-and- tcpip Jain, S. (2023, March 24). Types of Internet Protocols . GeeksforGeeks. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-internet-protocols/ NDTV. (2013, February 3). Big interview with Vint Cerf, “the father of Internet” [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmTh2PSXA8M NCSA Mosaic™ - NCSA . (n.d.). NCSA. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/research/project-highlights/ncsa-mosaic/

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