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1 Intelligence Challenges in Law Enforcement Adriana M. Moreno HLS 460 – Intelligence and Law Enforcement Trident University International Dr. Jack Armstrong October 27, 2023

2 Intelligence Challenges in Law Enforcement Law enforcement and intelligence agencies across the world are all currently facing the same issues when it comes to gathering, protecting and validating any intelligence that they gather while investigating. Unfortunately, there are several examples of these challenges that are currently happening today, just within the United States alone. These challenges are technological, financial, organizational, and political (Ates, 2020). If you look at some of the current events going on within the U.S. alone, we see several examples of these four challenges. Technology is changing and adapting at such a rapid rate, so much so that it impacts the ability to collect it as well as verify that it is accurate or actionable intelligence, this goes without even mentioning how artificial intelligence is very rapidly changing our technological landscape alone. The financial challenge is both about money as well as technology due to the introduction of cryptocurrency that allows bad actors to go even further in their ability to finance criminal or terrorist activity, making it much more difficult for intelligence agencies to trace said funds. Organizational challenges tend to arise from a lack of communication from one intelligence agency or law enforcement group to another; there has historically always been a huge gap in communication with said agencies both nationally and internationally. The final challenge is political, which we see is impacting the U.S. on the news today. Talks of government overreach, the far left and far right agendas that we see on a daily basis, the claims of collusion with foreign countries, etc. Each of these issues in some way or another impacts the others and compounds the challenges that are currently being faced. These also seem to change much more quickly today than they would have even twenty years ago, so the landscape seems to be shifting continuously.

3 Homeland Security and 9/11 There were several factors that unfortunately led to the events that occurred on September 11, 2001. Prior to this terrorist attack, the Department of Homeland Security did not exist, but it was created 11 days after the attack and consists of all or parts of 22 different federal departments or agencies, making it what it is today (Department of Homeland Security, n.a.). One of the largest and most criticized factor of 9/11, which is something that is still currently a priority for DHS is communication, or the lack thereof in the months leading up to the attack. The FBI was in charge of looking into suspects who were already within the United States, as opposed to the CIA who was in charge of looking into suspects abroad (Kamarck, 2021). The issue was, these two entities did not communicate with one another, so once two of the hijackers whom were being tracked by the CIA outside of the country decided to make the move into the U.S., the FBI was never made aware even though these suspects were known to be tied to extremist groups (Kamarck, 2021). Following the attack on 9/11, several new organizations were created and placed directly under the purview of DHS. Many of these programs are all too familiar to us today, but prior to 9/11 they did not exist, such as the Transportation Security Agency (TSA) whose lines we all hate standing in at the airport. There was a gap in security that had previously been filled by contractors who reported to specific airlines as opposed to the government agency that we know today (Kamarck, 2021). These specific programs were created to fill the need of total national defense that the American public demanded following 9/11. The Department of Homeland Security still has a lot of work to do following said attack, but it has and will continue to adapt to the needs of the country and its safety.

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4 Current Challenges Faced Today There are several issues being faced by law enforcement and intelligence agencies today that all undermine their ability to do their main function: protect the American people. The biggest challenge faced today is the rapidly changing development of technology we have seen within the last 20 years across the globe, “emerging technologies are already reshaping how the IC gathers, stores, and processes information but will likely transform all core aspects of the intelligence cycle in the coming decades—from collection to analysis to dissemination” (Katz, 2020). With the technology available and the ability to use artificial intelligence, this could allow the U.S. to enable better collection and dissemination through the “-INTS”, geospatial, signals, human, and open-source intelligence groups (Katz, 2020). Another issue currently being faced is the financial challenge posed by the creation and increased use of cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency does not currently fall under any government regulation so it can therefore be used anonymously which make it very attractive to terrorist organizations to use to finance their agendas (Ates, 2020). One of the ways that this can be mitigated is to create more funding and positions within law enforcement groups so they can adequately learn how to trace said funds; all of which would take a lot of education and work, thus a more robust budget and more people would be needed to complete this job (Ates, 2020). The third issue are also organizational issues within intelligence agencies and law enforcement. This issue was seen during 9/11, there was a vast amount of information but due to having different intelligence agencies who all had their own mission and purview, much of said information never made it to other agencies and the attack occurred. One of the things that happened in response to, and is still currently taking place, is the creation of new departments such as DHS, which is still currently changing and evolving as new threats present themselves.

5 MS-13 Scenario If I were a police officer who had received said information from an informant, I personally would report this to my higher command. I am assuming that I am just a police officer, not a detective, not part of a specialized group within a law enforcement agency. I would report to my higher command and let them know I had received this information from a moderately reliable source and give them the details; who, what, when, where and why. At that point, I would ask if we were trying to deter this event from happening or if we were trying to catch these gang members in the act in an effort to prosecute them or get them to ‘flip’ on other gang members who are higher up the food chain, so to speak. I think knowing the overall intent would greatly determine the overall action taken in the end, but I feel that with what information I have currently at the time, and with my assumed position, I would report and wait to hear from higher on next actions, if any, to take.

6 References Ates, A. (2020, May). CURRENT CHALLENGES AND TRENDS IN INTELLIGENCE . dergipark.org. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1099787#:~:text=In %20addition%20to%20current%20technological,hierarchy%20issues%2C%20and %20competition%20issues. Department of Homeland Security. (n.d.). Creation of the department of homeland security . Creation of the Department of Homeland Security | Homeland Security. https://www.dhs.gov/creation-department-homeland-security Kamarck, E. (2021, August 27). 9/11 and the reinvention of the US Intelligence Community . Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/9-11-and-the-reinvention-of-the-u-s- intelligence-community/ Katz, B. (2020, April 17). The Intelligence Edge: Opportunities and challenges from Emerging Technologies for U.S. intelligence . CSIS. https://www.csis.org/analysis/intelligence-edge- opportunities-and-challenges-emerging-technologies-us-intelligence

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