Eng 112 Research Paper v 2

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Rowan-Cabarrus Community College *

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Computer Science

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Artificial Intelligence in Software Engineering Jose Quintero English Department, Rowan-Cabarrus Community College Eng112: Ginger Fox

2 Abstract With the rapid advancement of technology over the years. There has been much concern about the future of artificial intelligence and its implications for society. Along with the media portraying this advancement as a sign of humanity's impending doom, this topic appears to have potential ramifications. This paper will investigate the current state of artificial intelligence. Whether we are approaching the point of no return to look for issues and complaints about the subject. As well as considering potential solutions to alleviate some of the pre-existing concerns. In addition to gaining a general understanding of the subject. determining whether the uproar is justified

3 The State of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence has gotten a lot of attention over the years. Whether through films, word- of-mouth, or media outlets. The concern about this topic stems from the rapid advancement of technology over the years. causing the general public to wonder if artificial intelligence is on its way Sure, there are some examples of artificial intelligence that exist today, such as "machine learning," which is simply the ability of computers to improve on their own without prior assistance. However, the image that most people have of artificial intelligence, such as human- like thinking and consciousness, does not exist today. The goal of this paper is to examine the intricacies of the current state of artificial intelligence in order to determine whether or not it is upon us. A Review of the Literature The term "artificial intelligence" was coined in the 1950s, a decade after they had discovered the ability to program a digital computer. But the dream of creating human machines did not last long. With millions of dollars poured into this project, the visionaries overestimated themselves, and they eventually abandoned the idea in the 1970s due to a lack of appropriate technology at the time. Then there was a seven-year period with no advancements in artificial intelligence. Then, in 1980, Japan launched its own project. This act prompted the United States to re-enter the fray (much like the space race in the 1960s). But, once again, by the late 1980s and despite an absurd amount of money invested, they fell short. It wasn't until the early twenty- first century that the flame was rekindled with the invention of machine learning. With the following questions, this paper seeks to determine whether anything has changed in the field of artificial intelligence:

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4 1. What are some future concerns regarding Ai and its usage in the real world? 2. How should Ai be handled legally to prevent future issues? 3. Could an Ai replace a doctor? 4. Does Ai have the potential to be the future? What are some future concerns regarding Ai and its usage in the real world? Before delving into the specifics of the situation, we must first consider some of the public's concerns and the potential consequences of integrating artificial intelligence into the real world. In 1988, a man named Sy Schoen, who was a program manager for one of the first artificial intelligence programs at the time. A man who was present from the start. He wrote an article that summarized the state of artificial intelligence at the time. Sy Schoen claims in this article: “With all of the performance uncertainties and the need to develop a unique blend of technologies and management skills some may lean towards a “wait and see” strategy”. (Schoen, 1988). He asserts that the possibility of artificial intelligence becoming a reality at this time was remote. And these problems continue to exist now. The hardest challenge is applying common sense to it. And bias is the reason why doing this is challenging. Since the computer relies on prior rules set by the original programmer, bias is pervasive in its algorithms. meaning that there is still a chance for human error. Privacy is another problem with artificial intelligence. On the one hand, safer institutions and a better online environment are provided. But the machines would be watching and listening to us nonstop. Without our consent, our data would be collected. They would be under constant observation. Another problem is that because only large firms can invest in artificial intelligence, competition is eliminated. making obsolete small businesses because these tiny businesses run the danger of failing as they compete with tech behemoths.

5 They would be attempting a difficult struggle. This leads us to our following topic while keeping all of these concerns in mind. How should Ai be handled legally to prevent future issues? Before we can even consider implementing artificial intelligence in everyday life, we must first establish rules. We also must collectively, as a society, answer the question of ethics. Who is the owner? Is it the people who programmed and created artificial intelligence? But artificial intelligence can generate its own outcomes and think for itself. So, who is the owner? Who is to blame if artificial intelligence is abused and used for wrongdoing, and how do we punish them? Is the one who originally programmed the code liable? All of these questions must be established first before moving on. We also don’t know at what point we cross the line when using artificial intelligence solutions. For example, they can be used in military operations and combat. And whether it is ethical to use them in politics and the legal system. There is also an argument for its impact on the environment. Due to artificial intelligence having huge carbon emissions and a higher energy consumption than any other emitter, as you can see, there are problems that need to be rooted out before proceeding. There have been individuals who have spoken out on these issues and offered solutions. such as Anton Saveliev, who is an experienced engineer in robotics. In an article, he gives a solution to use for some of the issues. He states that “Ultimately, we can agree with Floridi and propose the working hypothesis that bioethics and the ethics of information and AI can indeed overlap and complement each other. Thus, the Unified framework of five principles for AI in society can be temporarily adopted as a potentially viable assessment tool for how social responsibility is implied and implemented in AI-development strategies”. (Saveliev, 2021). But even he knows that this solution isn’t perfect. It is simply a

6 starting point for the time being. This once again proves that this issue is much more nuanced and complex. Even today, no concrete solution to this problem has been found. Could an Ai replace a doctor? Another issue being thrown around as well is the worry of occupational losses due to being replaced by artificial intelligence. So, it begs the question: will artificial intelligence replace all occupational positions? And the answer is yes and no. sure an artificial intelligence would be much faster and efficient compared to a human. And sure, they might be cost efficient since it would be cheaper than having to train and hire new staff. but the problems becomes that they aren’t advanced enough to replace us, and they also don’t account for nuances. They will automatically default to what their programmer has installed. For example, in an article Vanessa Rompton states that: Technical knowledge cannot entirely describe the sickness situation of any single patient. A deliberative patient-physician relationship characterized by associative and lateral thinking is important for healing, particularly for complex conditions and when there is a high risk of adverse effects, because individual patients’ preferences differ.” (Rompton, 2018). She states that artificial intelligence won’t be able to account for complex situations since being a doctor is much more than just having knowledge. Knowledge is just half the battle. She also claims that robots can’t form a relationship with a patient. But this could be a double-edged sword. Trust is important to have with your patient, but wouldn’t a robot be more inherently trustworthy since it would be completely unbiased and would remove conflicts of interest that you would have with a human physician? Once again, this is another unresolved issue that doesn’t have a clear answer. something that is going to need to be discussed more thoroughly. Does Ai have the potential to be the future?

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7 All in all, before we can even start preparing for the future, we must first establish whether this future is even close to existing. Sure, there are some artificial intelligence examples in the real world already, but most of these aren’t worrisome. Erik Larson, a computer scientist, claims that: “ Futurists are certain that humanlike AI is on the horizon, but in fact engineers have no idea how to program human reasoning” (Larson, 2021) He asserts that the majority of computer experts are clueless on how to begin or even include human reasoning into an artificial intelligence. There needs to be lessened the enormous gap between modern artificial intelligence and humans. There is no way to mimic human reasoning in artificial intelligence systems because both rely on data analysis to forecast outcomes and human intelligence is a web of assumptions based on context and experience. Conclusion Despite all the commotion surrounding humanity's impending fate. There is still a long way to go before we get there, and even when we do, there are first some foundations that must be laid. such as guidelines and laws for them. We must decide how to use them in an ethical manner. We must look at every possible avenue and potential risk when implementing artificial intelligence in everyday life. This issue is still entirely unresolved and would require more testing and research in order to come to a conclusion.

8 References Goldhahn, J. Rampton, V. Spinas, G.A. (2018) Could artificial intelligence make doctors obsolete? BMJ Publishing Group LTD . https://www-proquest- com.proxy154.nclive.org/docview/2131062702/abstract/1F05DF4BA7946BDPQ/1? accountid=13601 Larson, E.J. (2021). The myth of artificial intelligence. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Harvard University Press . https://rccc.summon.serialssolutions.com/search? q=computer+science#!/search/document?ho=t&include.ft.matches=f&l=en&q=artificial %20intelligence&id=FETCHMERGED-cclinc_catalog_18981582 Saveliev, A, & Zhurenkov, D. (2021). artificial intelligence and social responsibility: the case of the artificial intelligence strategies in the United States, Russia, and China. Kybernetes . https://www-proquest- com.proxy154.nclive.org/docview/2533383220/abstract/2516D7341EB942FCPQ/14? accountid=13601 Schoen, S (1988). The issues, benefits, and risks of implementing artificial intelligence: When properly applied, ai technology can offer important advantages. But many issues must be

9 tackled on the way to a successful implementation. Features and status of artificial intelligence. National Productivity Review (1986-1998) . https://www-proquest- com.proxy154.nclive.org/docview/236624545/abstract/2516D7341EB942FCPQ/3? accountid=13601

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