Hung_Nguyen_HA9

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342

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Computer Science

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Feb 20, 2024

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IT 342 HW 9 (100 pts) 1. (10) What is the difference between a physical address and a logical address? The difference between logical and physical address is that logical address is generated by CPU in perspective of a program whereas the physical address is a location that exists in the memory unit. 2. (10) What is meant by swapping? Where is it used? Swapping is a memory management scheme in which any process can be temporarily swapped from main memory to secondary memory so that the main memory can be made available for other processes. It is used to improve main memory utilization. 3. (10) How are overlays used? When would they be needed? In overlay, the program is divided into smaller fragments or modules, so that only the modules that are required in the memory are stored at a time. As a result, it will reduce the memory required to execute a program as well as this will decrease the time required to execute a program. Overlay is used to allow programs that are greater than the memory to be executed. This is done by allowing only instructions that are needed at a particular time to be present in the memory. 4. (10) Contrast and compare internal and external fragmentation? Internal fragmentation In internal fragmentation fixed sized memory, blocks square measure appointed to process Internal fragmentation happens when the method or process is larger than the memory The solution of internal fragmentation is the best-fit block External fragmentation In external fragmentation, variable-sized memory blocks square measure appointed to the method External fragmentation happens when the method or process is removed The solution to external fragmentation is compaction and paging 5. (10) How could you minimize internal fragmentation? What are the drawbacks of the approach? Dynamic Partitioning of Memory is the solution to minimize the internal fragmentation of memory. Dynamic partitioning tries to overcome the problems caused by fixed partitioning. In this
technique, the partition size is not declared initially. It is declared at the time of process loading The drawbacks of the approach are that it causes external fragmentation and also there is complex memory allocation in case of Dynamic Partitioning of Memory. 6. (10) What is Cortana? Cortana is a virtual assistant created by Microsoft for Windows 10. 7. (10) Paging suffers from which type of fragmentation? Paging suffers from internal fragmentation. 8. (10) Where is page table maintained? Page table is maintained in the kernel space. 9. (10) What is the purpose of a page table? Paging is a function of memory management where a computer will store and retrieve data from a device’s secondary storage to the primary storage. 10. (10) What are the different techniques to remove fragmentation in case of multiprogramming with variable and fixed partitions? Discuss Multiprogramming with fixed partitioning is a contiguous memory management technique in which the main memory is divided into fixed sized partitions which can be of equal or unequal size. It is suffered from internal fragmentation which can be solved by design change, dynamic memory allocation, using memory pools, and best-fit box. Multiprogramming with variable partitioning is a contiguous memory management technique in which the main memory is not divided into partitions and the process is allocated a chunk of free memory that is big enough for it to fit. It is suffered from external fragmentation which can be solved by compaction, and virtual memory addressing by using paging and segmentation.
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