Smahir Abdalgalil-Module 03 - Data Representation

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Feb 20, 2024

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Smahir Abdalgalil Spring 2024 ITE221 PC Hardware and OS Architecture Professor Ester Mendes Module 03 - Data Representation Assessment: Data Representation Character Sets 02/18/2024 Data Repre sentation and Processing questions: 1. Why is binary data representation and signaling the preferred method of computer hardware implementation? Binary numbers represented as binary electrical signals can be transported reliably between computer systems and their components Binary numbers represented as binary electrical signals can be processed by two-state electrical devices that are easy to design and fabricate 2. What is excess notation? What is twos complement notation? Why are they needed? In other words, why can’t integer values be represented by ordinary binary numbers? Format that is used to represent signed integers that always usesExcess notation represents numbers in order using the number at the transition point of the high-order bit as zero. -Twos complement notation encodes positive values as ordinary binary numbers and encodes negative values as the complement of the corresponding positive value plus 1.

-Two reasons enable CPU manufacturers to build processors with fewer components than are needed for other integer data formats, which saves money and increases computational speed. For these reasons, all modern CPUs represent and manipulate signed integers by using twos complement format. 3. What is the numeric range of a 16-bit twos complement value? A 16-bit excess notation value? A 16-bit unsigned binary value? (2n-1) to (2n-1 - 1), where 'n' is the number of bits used to store the value. The exponent is n-1 because 1 bit is used for the sign. Only 16 bits are allocated to the whole portion of the value. Therefore, the largest possible whole value is 2^16 - 1. 4. Why doesn’t a CPU evaluate the expression 'A' = 'a' as true? The CPU can compare only numeric values, so each character constant is converted to its numeric value in some character coding scheme, such as ASCII, EBCDIC, or Unicode. Because all modern character coding schemes encode uppercase and lowercase letters as different numeric values, the equality comparison always returns false. CPU Data Types questions: 5. What primitive data types can normally be represented and processed by a CPU? The primitive data types that can normally be represented and processed by a CPU include integer, real numbers, Boolean, character, and memory address. 6. What are the differences between ASCII and Unicode?. The difference is the size of the coding table. ASCII has a 256-entry table and Unicode has 100,000 table entries.

7. What is overflow? What is underflow? How can the probability of their occurrence be minimized? An integer outside the range that requires more bits than can be stored is overflow and underflow is when a whole number has an exponent too small to store. The probability of their occurrences can be minimized by double precision which is additional numeric data types and by truncation. 8. Why might a programmer choose to represent a data item in IEEE binary128 floating-point format instead of IEEE binary64 floating-point format? What additional costs might be incurred at runtime (when the application program executes) as a result of using the 128-bit instead of the 64-bit format? The larger format increases both the range of values that can be represented and the precision of large and small values. Processing data represented in the larger format requires either more complex processing circuitry or the execution of multiple instructions. Data Structure questions: 9. What is a data structure? List several types of common data structures. Data structure is structure grouping of primitive (basic) data items.Arrays, records, and linked lists are commonly used data structures. 10. What is an address? What is a pointer? What purpose are they used for? An address is a number or set of numbers that represent a specific storage location in a storage device. A pointer is a data item that contains an address. Pointers and memory addresses are used to tie together parts of a data structure such as a linked list or indexed file.

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